Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway [BRIMS], Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 17;22(24):13550. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413550.
Glioblastoma (GBM), a grade IV brain tumor, is known for its heterogenicity and its resistance to the current treatment regimen. Over the last few decades, a significant amount of new molecular and genetic findings has been reported regarding factors contributing to GBM's development into a lethal phenotype and its overall poor prognosis. MicroRNA (miRNAs) are small non-coding sequences of RNA that regulate and influence the expression of multiple genes. Many research findings have highlighted the importance of miRNAs in facilitating and controlling normal biological functions, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, miRNAs' ability to initiate and promote cancer development, directly or indirectly, has been shown in many types of cancer. There is a clear association between alteration in miRNAs expression in GBM's ability to escape apoptosis, proliferation, and resistance to treatment. Further, miRNAs regulate the already altered pathways in GBM, including P53, RB, and PI3K-AKT pathways. Furthermore, miRNAs also contribute to autophagy at multiple stages. In this review, we summarize the functions of miRNAs in GBM pathways linked to dysregulation of cell cycle control, apoptosis and resistance to treatment, and the possible use of miRNAs in clinical settings as treatment and prediction biomarkers.
胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是一种 4 级脑肿瘤，其异质性和对当前治疗方案的耐药性是众所周知的。在过去的几十年中，已经报道了大量关于导致 GBM 发展为致命表型及其总体预后不良的因素的新分子和遗传发现。微小 RNA（miRNAs）是一种调节和影响多个基因表达的小型非编码 RNA 序列。许多研究结果强调了 miRNAs 在促进和控制正常生物学功能（包括细胞分化、增殖和凋亡）方面的重要性。此外，miRNAs 能够直接或间接地启动和促进癌症的发展，这在许多类型的癌症中都得到了证实。在 GBM 中，miRNAs 表达的改变与逃避凋亡、增殖和治疗耐药性的能力之间存在明显的关联。此外，miRNAs 还调节 GBM 中已经改变的途径，包括 P53、RB 和 PI3K-AKT 途径。此外，miRNAs 还在多个阶段参与自噬。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 miRNAs 在与细胞周期控制失调、凋亡和治疗耐药性相关的 GBM 途径中的功能，以及 miRNAs 在临床作为治疗和预测生物标志物的可能用途。
