Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Mar 25;814:152425. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152425. Epub 2021 Dec 21.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by specific fungi that have harmful effects on animals and humans. Worldwide more than 300 different mycotoxins are already known, frequently with concentrations in harvest products exceeding acceptable limits. Nevertheless, although these compounds have extensively been studied in food and feed, only little is known about their occurrence and fate in soil and agro-environmental matrices, such as manure, sewage sludge, drainage water and sediments. Therefore, the aim of this review was to (i) resume available methods for quantifying mycotoxins in soil, (ii) describe the occurrence and quantities of mycotoxins in soil and related agro-environmental matrices, and (iii) discuss the environmental fate of these target compounds with specific focus on their leaching potential into groundwater. The safest and most reliable method for mycotoxin quantification relies on mass spectrometry, while the extraction method and solvent composition differ depending on the compound under investigation. Mycotoxin levels detected in soils to date were in the μg range, reaching maximum amounts of 72.1 μg kg for zearalenone, 32.1 μg kg for deoxynivalenol, 23.7 μg kg for ochratoxin A, 6.7 μg kg for nivalenol, and 5.5 μg kg for aflatoxin. Different compartments in the agroecosystem (cereals, corn, rice, water, manure, sewage sludge) each contained at least one mycotoxin. Mycotoxin retention in soils is controlled by texture, with significant adsorption of the compounds to clays but leaching potentials in sandy soils. We did not find any reports detecting mycotoxins in sediments, although there are increasing reports of mycotoxins in freshwater samples. Overall, it appears that soils and sediments are still underrepresented in research on potential environmental contamination with mycotoxins.
真菌次生代谢产物真菌毒素对动物和人类具有有害影响。目前已发现全球有超过 300 种不同的真菌毒素，这些毒素在农产品中的浓度经常超过可接受的限度。尽管这些化合物在食品和饲料中已经得到广泛研究，但它们在土壤和农业环境基质（如粪肥、污水污泥、排水和沉积物）中的存在和命运知之甚少。因此，本综述的目的是：（i）总结土壤中真菌毒素定量的现有方法；（ii）描述土壤和相关农业环境基质中真菌毒素的发生和数量；（iii）讨论这些目标化合物的环境归宿，特别关注其对地下水的淋滤潜力。真菌毒素定量最安全、最可靠的方法是质谱法，而萃取方法和溶剂组成取决于所研究的化合物。迄今为止，在土壤中检测到的真菌毒素水平在μg 范围内，达到的最高值为：玉米赤霉烯酮 72.1μg/kg、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 32.1μg/kg、赭曲霉毒素 A 23.7μg/kg、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 6.7μg/kg、黄曲霉毒素 5.5μg/kg。农业生态系统的不同部分（谷物、玉米、大米、水、粪肥、污水污泥）都至少含有一种真菌毒素。土壤中真菌毒素的保留受质地控制，化合物对粘土有显著的吸附作用，但在沙质土壤中有淋滤潜力。我们没有发现任何关于在沉积物中检测到真菌毒素的报告，尽管关于淡水样本中真菌毒素的报告越来越多。总体而言，土壤和沉积物在真菌毒素潜在环境污染研究中仍然代表性不足。
