Acoustic signals from frog skeletal muscle.

Acoustic, force, and compound muscle action-potential signals were recorded simultaneously during maximal isometric twitches of frog gastrocnemius muscles. The onset of sound production occurred after the onset of muscle depolarization but before the onset of external force production. Acoustic waveforms consisted of oscillations that initially increased in amplitude, followed by decaying oscillations. The peak-to-peak acoustic amplitude increased with increasing temperature with a Q10 of 2.6 +/- 0.2 over a range of 7.0-25.0 degrees C. The acoustic amplitude increased with increasing muscle length up to approximately 90% of the optimal length for force generation. As length was increased further, the acoustic amplitude decreased. Microphones positioned on opposite sides of the muscle recorded acoustic signals that were 180 degrees out of phase. These results provided evidence that sound production is produced by lateral oscillations of muscle. The oscillation frequency may provide a measure of mechanical properties of muscle.