Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
FASEB J. 2022 Jan;36(1):e22054. doi: 10.1096/fj.202101217R.
Numerous rodent studies demonstrate developmental programming of offspring cognition by maternal choline intake, with prenatal choline deprivation causing lasting adverse effects and supplemental choline producing lasting benefits. Few human studies have evaluated the effect of maternal choline supplementation on offspring cognition, with none following children to school age. Here, we report results from a controlled feeding study in which pregnant women were randomized to consume 480 mg choline/d (approximately the Adequate Intake [AI]) or 930 mg choline/d during the 3rd trimester. Sustained attention was assessed in the offspring at age 7 years (n = 20) using a signal detection task that showed benefits of maternal choline supplementation in a murine model. Children in the 930 mg/d group showed superior performance (vs. 480 mg/d group) on the primary endpoint (SAT score, p = .02) and a superior ability to maintain correct signal detections (hits) across the 12-min session (p = .02), indicative of improved sustained attention. This group difference in vigilance decrement varied by signal duration (p = .04). For the briefest (17 ms) signals, the 480 mg/d group showed a 22.9% decline in hits across the session compared to a 1.5% increase in hits for the 930 mg/d group (p = .04). The groups did not differ in vigilance decrement for 29 or 50 ms signals. This pattern suggests an enhanced ability to sustain perceptual amplification of a brief low-contrast visual signal by children in the 930 mg/d group. This inference of improved sustained attention by the 930 mg/d group is strengthened by the absence of group differences for false alarms, omissions, and off-task behaviors. This pattern of results indicates that maternal 3rd trimester consumption of the choline AI for pregnancy (vs. double the AI) produces offspring with a poorer ability to sustain attention-reinforcing concerns that, on average, choline consumption by pregnant women is approximately 70% of the AI.
大量啮齿动物研究表明，母体胆碱摄入可对后代认知进行发育编程，产前胆碱剥夺会造成持久的不良影响，而补充胆碱则会产生持久的益处。很少有人类研究评估母体胆碱补充对后代认知的影响，而且没有研究跟踪儿童到学龄期。在这里，我们报告了一项对照喂养研究的结果，该研究将孕妇随机分为两组，在孕晚期分别摄入 480mg/d 胆碱（约等于充足摄入量 [AI]）或 930mg/d 胆碱。在后代 7 岁时（n=20），使用信号检测任务评估其持续注意力，该任务显示了母体胆碱补充在小鼠模型中的益处。在主要终点（SAT 评分，p=0.02）和在 12 分钟的测试过程中保持正确信号检测（击中）的能力（p=0.02）方面，930mg/d 组的儿童表现更好，表明其持续注意力得到了提高。这种警觉性下降的组间差异与信号持续时间有关（p=0.04）。对于最短（17ms）的信号，480mg/d 组在整个测试过程中的击中率下降了 22.9%，而 930mg/d 组的击中率则增加了 1.5%（p=0.04）。对于 29ms 和 50ms 的信号，两组的警觉性下降没有差异。这种模式表明，930mg/d 组的儿童能够更好地维持对短暂低对比度视觉信号的感知放大。930mg/d 组的儿童警觉性下降没有差异，假警报、遗漏和分心行为也没有差异，这进一步证明了他们的持续注意力得到了改善。这些结果表明，母体在妊娠晚期摄入的胆碱 AI（与两倍的 AI 相比）会产生注意力维持能力较差的后代，这令人担忧的是，孕妇摄入的胆碱平均约为 AI 的 70%。
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