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悬念和惊讶如何增强后续记忆:以 2016 年美国总统大选为例。

How suspense and surprise enhance subsequent memory: the case of the 2016 United States Presidential Election.

机构信息

Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.

出版信息

Memory. 2022 Mar;30(3):317-329. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2021.2013503. Epub 2021 Dec 29.

DOI:10.1080/09658211.2021.2013503
PMID:34965840
Abstract

We examined whether the retroactive enhancement effect - i.e., improved memory accuracy for event details occurring before a surprising moment - would be present in participants' memory for details in their private lives following a surprising and suspenseful public event. To equate event type across participants, we selected when they first learned the outcome of the 2016 US Presidential Election. Participants self-divided into those who viewed the outcome as positive, negative, or neutral, while we experimentally divided them into those whose memory was assessed 6 or 12 months post-election. We assessed their accuracy for details surrounding the election and their phenomenological experience of learning the outcome, including emotional tension, our operationalisation of suspense. We found participants' memory characteristics were strongly related to their level of tension and shock, irrespective of valence. We also observed uniformly high accuracy regarding details about the weather participants experienced in their ZIP codes on election day. While these results intimated about the presence of retroactive enhancement, Experiment 2 examined the effect more directly by comparing participants' memory for the 2016 Election with two other politically-relevant events that provoked less tense reactions. The results revealed retroactive enhancement is dependent upon experiencing a surprising moment amidst a suspenseful event.

摘要

我们考察了在经历一个令人惊讶和悬念的公共事件之后,参与者对私人生活细节的记忆中是否会出现回溯增强效应——即对发生在令人惊讶时刻之前的事件细节的记忆准确性提高。为了在参与者之间使事件类型保持一致,我们选择了他们第一次了解到 2016 年美国总统大选结果的时间。参与者自行将结果分为正面、负面或中性,而我们则根据他们在选举后 6 或 12 个月进行记忆评估将他们分为实验组和对照组。我们评估了他们对选举周围细节的准确性以及他们了解结果的现象学体验,包括情绪紧张,这是我们对悬念的操作化。我们发现,参与者的记忆特征与其紧张和震惊程度密切相关,而与情绪无关。我们还观察到参与者在选举日所在的邮政编码地区经历的天气细节的记忆准确性非常高。虽然这些结果暗示了回溯增强的存在,但实验 2 通过比较参与者对 2016 年选举和另外两个引发紧张反应较小的政治相关事件的记忆,更直接地考察了这种效应。结果表明,回溯增强取决于在一个悬念事件中经历一个令人惊讶的时刻。

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