Cavallo Delia, Fresegna Anna Maria, Ciervo Aureliano, Ursini Cinzia Lucia, Maiello Raffaele, Del Frate Valentina, Ferrante Riccardo, Mabilia Rosanna, Pizzo Benedetto, Grossi Bernardo, Ciccioli Paolo, Ciccioli Piero, Iavicoli Sergio
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
Toxicology. 2022 Jan 30;466:153085. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153085. Epub 2021 Dec 27.
Formaldehyde mainly emitted from wood adhesives, finishing materials, paint for furniture represents, together with wood dust, a potential carcinogenic risk for wood workers. Aims of this multidisciplinary study are to investigate the possibility of replacing urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in the wood industry with organic and/or inorganic-based glues to obtain a final less toxic product and to evaluate the potential toxicity of wood glued with such new adhesives. For this purpose we selected poplar wood to test an organic new adhesive HBP (Hemp Based Protein), a mixture of hemp flour and cross-linker PAE (polyaminoamide epichlorohydrin), and spruce wood to test an inorganic adhesive geopolymer K-PSS (potassium-polysiloxosialate) plus polyvinyl acetate. For the poplar wood, we also used a commercial panel glued with UF for comparison. We reproduced occupational inhalation exposure during sawing activities of mentioned woods, collected and characterized the wood dusts emitted during sawing and evaluated in vitro their potential cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects. We used human lung cells (A549) exposed for 24 h to 20 and 100 μg/mL of collected PM wood dust. We found that both the new adhesives wood dusts induced a slightly higher apoptotic effect than untreated natural wood dusts particularly in spruce wood. Only geopolymer K-PSS wood dust induced membrane damage at the highest concentration and direct and oxidative DNA damage that could be explained by the different chemical composition and the lower particle sizes in respect to organic HBP adhesive wood dust. We found slight induction of IL-6 release, not influenced by K-PSS treatment, at the highest concentration in spruce wood. For poplar wood, IL-6 and IL-8 induction was found particularly for untreated and UF-treated wood at the highest concentration, where hemp adhesive treatment induced lower inflammation while at lower concentration similar slight cytokine induction was found for all tested wood dusts. This preliminary study shows that natural adhesives used to replace UF adhesives represent an interesting alternative, particularly the organic hemp-based adhesive showing very low toxicity.
主要由木材胶粘剂、饰面材料、家具漆释放的甲醛，与木尘一起，对木材加工工人构成潜在的致癌风险。这项多学科研究的目的是调查用有机和/或无机基胶水替代木材工业中的脲醛（UF）胶粘剂以获得最终毒性较小产品的可能性，并评估用此类新型胶粘剂胶合的木材的潜在毒性。为此，我们选择杨木来测试一种新型有机胶粘剂HBP（麻基蛋白），它是麻粉和交联剂PAE（聚氨基酰胺表氯醇）的混合物，以及云杉木来测试无机胶粘剂地质聚合物K-PSS（钾聚硅氧硅铝酸盐）加聚醋酸乙烯酯。对于杨木，我们还使用了一块用UF胶合的商用板材进行比较。我们在上述木材的锯切活动中模拟职业吸入暴露，收集并表征锯切过程中释放的木尘，并在体外评估其潜在的细胞遗传毒性和炎症效应。我们使用人肺细胞（A549），将其暴露于收集到的20和100μg/mL的PM木尘中24小时。我们发现，两种新型胶粘剂的木尘比未处理的天然木尘诱导的凋亡效应略高，特别是在云杉木中。只有地质聚合物K-PSS木尘在最高浓度下诱导膜损伤以及直接和氧化性DNA损伤，这可以通过其与有机HBP胶粘剂木尘不同的化学成分和更小的粒径来解释。我们发现在云杉木中，最高浓度下有轻微的IL-6释放诱导，不受K-PSS处理的影响。对于杨木，在最高浓度下，特别是未处理和UF处理的木材中发现IL-6和IL-8诱导，其中麻胶粘剂处理诱导的炎症较低，而在较低浓度下，所有测试的木尘都有类似的轻微细胞因子诱导。这项初步研究表明，用于替代UF胶粘剂的天然胶粘剂是一个有趣的选择，特别是基于麻的有机胶粘剂显示出非常低的毒性。
