Moinuddin Arsalan, Goel Ashish, Sethi Yashendra
Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA.
Department of Physiology, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND.
Cureus. 2021 Nov 18;13(11):e19695. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19695. eCollection 2021 Nov.
In motor learning, augmented feedback (AF) is the information provided by sources outside the body and encompasses visual feedback, auditory feedback, and multimodal augmented feedback. This review aims to examine the most recent evidence on these different modality types in healthy and diseased populations and athletes. The reporting of this review was guided by the standards of the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)" statement with the aim to examine the most recent evidence on these feedback types in healthy and diseased populations and athletes. The literature search for this review has been limited to electronic journals with the search engines ISI Web of Knowledge, OvidSP EMBASE, and PubMed databases. This review considers visual feedback as the cornerstone of all augmented feedback types by citing its superiority in learning complex skills by medical students and balance maintenance by older adults. The review also deciphers the role of auditory augmented feedback in encumbering already burdened visual connections in the rehabilitation of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and prosthetic limbs and further argues why the multimodal feedback model seems to be the most efficient way to offer feedback in learning motor tasks by alluding to multifaceted "skill training communication model" in the prevention of sports injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tears. Multimodal augmented feedback seems to be the most effective and appropriate way to give feedback during motor learning in healthy and diseased populations and athletes as its stimuli are perceived faster and tend to be retained longer compared with the unimodal stimuli of auditory and visual feedback mechanisms.
在运动学习中，增强反馈（AF）是身体外部来源提供的信息，包括视觉反馈、听觉反馈和多模态增强反馈。本综述旨在研究关于健康人群、患病群体和运动员中这些不同模态类型的最新证据。本综述的报告遵循“系统评价和荟萃分析优先报告项目（PRISMA）”声明的标准，旨在研究关于健康人群、患病群体和运动员中这些反馈类型的最新证据。本综述的文献检索仅限于使用ISI Web of Knowledge、OvidSP EMBASE和PubMed数据库等搜索引擎的电子期刊。本综述将视觉反馈视为所有增强反馈类型的基石，理由是其在医学生学习复杂技能以及老年人维持平衡方面具有优势。该综述还解读了听觉增强反馈在帕金森病（PD）患者和假肢患者康复过程中对本已负担过重的视觉连接造成干扰的作用，并通过提及预防前交叉韧带撕裂等运动损伤的多方面“技能训练沟通模型”，进一步论证了多模态反馈模型为何似乎是在运动任务学习中提供反馈的最有效方式。与听觉和视觉反馈机制的单模态刺激相比，多模态增强反馈的刺激被感知得更快且往往保留时间更长，因此它似乎是在健康人群、患病群体和运动员的运动学习过程中提供反馈的最有效且合适的方式。
