University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France.
Normandie University, UNILEHAVRE, CNRS, UMR 3730 SCALE, Environmental Stress and Aquatic Biomonitoring (SEBIO), F-76600 Le Havre, France.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 21;23(1):31. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010031.
Aluminium (Al) is the most common natural metallic element in the Earth's crust. It is released into the environment through natural processes and human activities and accumulates in aquatic environments. This review compiles scientific data on the neurotoxicity of aluminium contamination on the nervous system of aquatic organisms. More precisely, it helps identify biomarkers of aluminium exposure for aquatic environment biomonitoring in freshwater aquatic vertebrates. Al is neurotoxic and accumulates in the nervous system of aquatic vertebrates, which is why it could be responsible for oxidative stress. In addition, it activates and inhibits antioxidant enzymes and leads to changes in acetylcholinesterase activity, neurotransmitter levels, and in the expression of several neural genes and nerve cell components. It also causes histological changes in nerve tissue, modifications of organism behaviour, and cognitive deficit. However, impacts of aluminium exposure on the early stages of aquatic vertebrate development are poorly described. Lastly, this review also poses the question of how accurate aquatic vertebrates (fishes and amphibians) could be used as model organisms to complement biological data relating to the developmental aspect. This "challenge" is very relevant since freshwater pollution with heavy metals has increased in the last few decades.
铝（Al）是地壳中最常见的天然金属元素。它通过自然过程和人类活动释放到环境中，并在水生环境中积累。本综述汇集了关于铝污染对水生生物神经系统神经毒性的科学数据。更确切地说，它有助于确定用于淡水水生脊椎动物水生环境生物监测的铝暴露生物标志物。铝具有神经毒性，并在水生脊椎动物的神经系统中积累，这就是为什么它可能导致氧化应激。此外，它会激活和抑制抗氧化酶，导致乙酰胆碱酯酶活性、神经递质水平以及几种神经基因和神经细胞成分的表达发生变化。它还会导致神经组织的组织学变化、生物体行为的改变和认知缺陷。然而，铝暴露对水生脊椎动物早期发育阶段的影响描述得还不够充分。最后，本综述还提出了一个问题，即水生脊椎动物（鱼类和两栖类）作为模型生物在多大程度上可以补充与发育方面有关的生物学数据。由于过去几十年重金属对淡水的污染增加，这个“挑战”非常现实。
