Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2022 Mar;414(6):2103-2116. doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03844-0. Epub 2022 Jan 11.
Environmental chemical exposures have been associated with cancer, diabetes, hormonal and immunological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Some direct effects of chemical exposure that are precursors to adverse health outcomes, including oxidative stress, nitrative stress, hormonal imbalance, neutrophilia, and eosinophilia, can be assessed through the analysis of biomarkers in urine. In this study, we describe a novel methodology for the determination of 19 biomarkers of health effects: malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-isoprostaglandin-F (8-PGF), 11-β-prostaglandin-F (11-PGF), 15-prostaglandin-F (15-PGF), 8-iso-15-prostaglandin-F (8,15-PGF), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-HdG), 8-hydroxyguanine (8-HG), dityrosine (diY), allantoin (Alla), and two metabolic products of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), namely 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal glutathione (HNE-GSH) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal mercapturic acid (HNE-MA) (in total, 12 oxidative stress biomarkers, OSBs); 8-nitroguanosine (8-NdG), 8-nitroguanine (8-NG), and 3-nitrotyrosine (NY) (3 nitrative stress biomarkers, NSBs); chlorotyrosine (CY) and bromotyrosine (BY) (2 inflammatory biomarkers); and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) N-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and N-carboxyethyllysine (CEL) (2 metabolic disorder biomarkers). Since these biomarkers are trigged by a variety of environmental insults and produced by different biomolecular pathways, their selective and sensitive determination in urine would help broadly elucidate the pathogenesis of diseases mediated by environmental factors.
环境化学暴露与癌症、糖尿病、荷尔蒙和免疫失调以及心血管疾病有关。一些化学暴露的直接影响,如氧化应激、硝化应激、荷尔蒙失衡、中性粒细胞增多和嗜酸性粒细胞增多,可通过尿液生物标志物分析来评估。在这项研究中,我们描述了一种测定 19 种健康影响生物标志物的新方法:丙二醛(MDA)、8-异前列腺素 F(8-PGF)、11-β-前列腺素 F(11-PGF)、15-前列腺素 F(15-PGF)、8,15-前列腺素 F(8,15-PGF)、8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)、8-羟基鸟嘌呤(8-HdG)、8-羟基鸟嘌呤(8-HG)、二酪氨酸(diY)、尿囊素(Alla)和 4-羟基壬烯醛(HNE)的两种代谢产物,即 4-羟基-2-壬烯醛谷胱甘肽(HNE-GSH)和 4-羟基-2-壬烯醛巯基尿酸(HNE-MA)(共 12 种氧化应激生物标志物,OSBs);8-硝基鸟嘌呤(8-NdG)、8-硝基鸟嘌呤(8-NG)和 3-硝基酪氨酸(NY)(3 种硝化应激生物标志物,NSBs);氯酪氨酸(CY)和溴酪氨酸(BY)(2 种炎症生物标志物);以及晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)N-羧甲基赖氨酸(CML)和 N-羧乙基赖氨酸(CEL)(2 种代谢紊乱生物标志物)。由于这些生物标志物是由多种环境刺激物触发的,并且是由不同的生物分子途径产生的,因此它们在尿液中的选择性和灵敏性测定有助于广泛阐明环境因素介导的疾病的发病机制。