Recombinant Protein Production Department, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran.
Acta Parasitol. 2022 Jun;67(2):582-591. doi: 10.1007/s11686-021-00499-w. Epub 2022 Jan 11.
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as an obligatory intracellular is widespread all over the world and causes considerable concerns in immunocompromised patients by developing toxoplasmic encephalitis and in pregnancy because of serious consequences in the fetus. Although vaccination is the only approach to overcome toxoplasmosis, there is no commercially available human vaccine against T. gondii.
The remarkable features of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles have brought up the application of PLGA as a promising vaccine delivery vehicle against T. gondii and other intracellular parasites. This review focuses on the application of the PLGA delivery system in the development of preventive vaccines against T. gondii.
In this study, all required data were collected from articles indexed in English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.
Immunity against T. gondii, characteristics of PLGA particles as a delivery vehicle, and all researches on particulate PLGA vaccines with different T. gondii antigens and DNA against were discussed and their efficacies in conferring protection against a lethal challenge based on increased survival or reduced brain cyst loads have been shown.
Although various levels of protection against lethal challenge have been achieved through PLGA-based vaccinations, there is still no complete protection against T. gondii infection. Surprisingly, the application of surface modifications of PLGA particles by mucoadhesive polymers, cationic agents, DCs (dendritic cells) targeting receptors, specialized membranous epithelial cells (M-cells), and co-delivery of the desired antigen along with toll-like receptor ligands would be a revolutionized vaccine strategy against T. gondii.
刚地弓形虫（Toxoplasma gondii，T. gondii）作为一种必需的细胞内寄生虫，广泛存在于世界各地，在免疫功能低下的患者中会引发弓形体脑炎，并在妊娠期间对胎儿造成严重后果，因此引起了相当大的关注。尽管疫苗接种是克服弓形体病的唯一方法，但目前还没有针对 T. gondii 的商业可用的人类疫苗。
聚（乳酸-共-乙醇酸）（PLGA）颗粒的显著特点使其成为一种有前途的针对 T. gondii 和其他细胞内寄生虫的疫苗传递载体。本综述重点介绍了 PLGA 传递系统在开发针对 T. gondii 的预防性疫苗中的应用。
本研究从 Scopus、PubMed、Web of Science、Science Direct 和 Google Scholar 等英文数据库中收录的文章中收集了所有必需的数据。
针对 T. gondii 的免疫、PLGA 颗粒作为传递载体的特点，以及针对不同 T. gondii 抗原和 DNA 的颗粒状 PLGA 疫苗的所有研究，都进行了讨论，这些研究表明，基于提高存活率或降低脑囊虫负荷，它们在赋予针对致死性挑战的保护方面具有疗效。
尽管通过基于 PLGA 的疫苗接种实现了不同程度的针对致死性挑战的保护，但仍无法完全预防 T. gondii 感染。令人惊讶的是，通过使用黏膜黏附聚合物、阳离子剂、树突状细胞（dendritic cells，DCs）靶向受体、专门的黏膜上皮细胞（M-cells）对 PLGA 颗粒进行表面修饰，以及与 Toll 样受体配体共同递呈所需抗原，将成为针对 T. gondii 的革命性疫苗策略。
