Ecology Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 101 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Biobehavioral Health Department, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Proc Biol Sci. 2022 Jan 12;289(1966):20212379. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2379.
Animal behaviour research has experienced a renewed interest in consistent individual differences (i.e. animal personality or temperament). Recent ecological studies have identified environmental conditions that give rise to the development and evolution of temperaments and to fitness-related outcomes of temperament. Additional literature has also described relationships between temperaments and physiological regulation. However, one-to-one relationships between one behavioural trait and one physiological system do not account for co-selection of behavioural and physiological traits, nor the complex signalling among physiological systems. In the current paper, we review the literature on multiple physiological processes associated with temperament, propose temperament-specific physiological profiles, and focus on next steps to understand the functional significance, evolution and maintenance of temperaments. We propose that to understand causes and consequences of temperament we need to characterize integrative physiological profiles associated with different temperaments.
动物行为研究重新关注于一致的个体差异（即动物的个性或气质）。最近的生态研究已经确定了导致气质发展和进化以及与气质相关的适应度结果的环境条件。此外，文献还描述了气质与生理调节之间的关系。然而，一种行为特征与一种生理系统之间的一一对应关系并不能解释行为和生理特征的共同选择，也不能解释生理系统之间的复杂信号传递。在本文中，我们回顾了与气质相关的多种生理过程的文献，提出了气质特异性的生理特征，并关注了理解气质的功能意义、进化和维持的下一步措施。我们提出，要理解气质的原因和后果，我们需要描述与不同气质相关的综合生理特征。
