Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL; and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD.
J Immunol. 2022 Jan 15;208(2):203-211. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100754.
The ongoing arms race between hosts and microbes has fueled the evolution of novel strategies for diversifying the molecules involved in immune responses. Characterization of immune systems from an ever-broadening phylogenetic range of organisms reveals that there are many mechanisms by which this diversity can be generated and maintained. Diversification strategies operate at the level of populations, genomes, genes, and even individual transcripts. Lineage-specific innovations have been cataloged within the immune systems of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Furthermore, somatic diversification of immune receptor genes has now been described in jawless vertebrates and some invertebrate species. In addition to pathogen detection, immunological diversity plays important roles in several distinct allorecognition systems. In this Brief Review, we highlight some of the evolutionary innovations employed by a variety of metazoan species to generate the molecular diversity required to detect a vast array of molecules in the context of both immune response and self/nonself-recognition.
宿主与微生物之间持续的军备竞赛推动了免疫反应相关分子多样化的新策略的进化。对来自越来越广泛的生物进化谱系的免疫系统进行的特征描述表明，有许多产生和维持这种多样性的机制。多样化策略在种群、基因组、基因甚至单个转录本的水平上发挥作用。在无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的免疫系统中已经记录了谱系特异性的创新。此外，免疫受体基因的体细胞多样化现在已经在无颚脊椎动物和一些无脊椎动物物种中被描述。除了病原体检测，免疫学多样性在几个不同的同种异体识别系统中发挥着重要作用。在这篇简短的综述中，我们强调了各种后生动物物种所采用的一些进化创新，以产生在免疫反应和自我/非自我识别的背景下检测大量分子所需的分子多样性。
