Making Neurobots and Chimerical Ctenophores.

Making living machines using biological materials (cells, tissues, and organs) is one of the challenges in developmental biology and modern biomedicine. Constraints in regeneration potential and immune self-defense mechanisms limit the progress in the field. Here, we present unanticipated features related to self-recognition and ancestral neuro-immune architectures of new emerging reference species - ctenophores or comb jellies. These are descendants of the earliest survival metazoan lineage with unique tissues, organs and independent origins of major animal traits such as neurons, muscles, mesoderm, and through-gut. Thus, ctenophores convergently evolved complex organization, compared to bilaterians. Nevertheless, their neural and immune systems are likely functionally coupled, enabling designs and experimental construction of hybrid neural systems and even entire animals. This report illustrates impressive opportunities to build both chimeric animals and neurobots using ctenophores as models for bioengineering. The obtained neurobots and chimeric animals from three ctenophore species ( and ) were able to be autonomous and survive for days. In sum, the unification of biodiversity, cell biology, and neuroscience opens unprecedented opportunities for experimental synthetic biology.