Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Sports Biomech. 2023 Dec;22(12):1634-1658. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016924. Epub 2022 Jan 12.
Individual starts for ventral and dorsal swimming events have changed. After the introduction of back plate and wedge, some studies (mainly on ventral starts) have aimed to clarify their benefits and optimal application. This systematic review is aimed at a critical appraise of the literature on the main findings for back plate and wedge usage. We explored the databases of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science and conducted a manual search on the reference list of papers. We based our search on the quality scale of the National Health Institutes and found 25 studies that met the eligibility criteria and that scored 7.75 ± 1.18 and 8.0 ± 0.71 on fair-quality studies addressing kick and backstroke starts. Kick start has shown faster start time comparing with grab and track starts by reducing block time and increasing horizontal take-off velocity. Backstroke start using the wedge improved performance through a greater centre of mass vertical position at take-off, horizontal and vertical position at entry and underwater velocity. Swimmers have adopted technical variants of kick and backstroke start by changing block set-up and stance, which should be monitored considering anthropometrics and strength abilities.
个体在进行俯泳和仰泳出发时的起始动作发生了变化。在引入背板和楔形物后，一些研究（主要针对俯泳出发）旨在阐明它们的优势和最佳应用。本系统评价旨在批判性地评价关于背板和楔形物使用的主要发现的文献。我们在 PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science 数据库中进行了检索，并对论文的参考文献进行了手动搜索。我们的搜索基于美国国立卫生研究院的质量评分标准，发现了 25 项符合入选标准的研究，这些研究在评价踢腿和仰泳出发的质量方面得分分别为 7.75±1.18 和 8.0±0.71。与抓握和跟踪出发相比，踢腿出发通过减少出发时的停顿时间和增加水平起跳速度，从而显示出更快的出发时间。仰泳出发时使用楔形物通过在起跳时更大的质心垂直位置、入水时的水平和垂直位置以及水下速度来提高成绩。游泳运动员通过改变出发时的蹬板设置和站位，采用了踢腿和仰泳出发的技术变体，考虑到人体测量学和力量能力，应该对这些变体进行监测。
