Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso School of Pharmacy, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA.
Enviromental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
Pharm Res. 2022 Nov;39(11):2635-2671. doi: 10.1007/s11095-021-03143-4. Epub 2022 Jan 13.
Exosomes are cell-derived components composed of proteins, lipid, genetic information, cytokines, and growth factors. They play a vital role in immune modulation, cell-cell communication, and response to inflammation. Immune modulation has downstream effects on the regeneration of damaged tissue, promoting survival and repair of damaged resident cells, and promoting the tumor microenvironment via growth factors, antigens, and signaling molecules. On top of carrying biological messengers like mRNAs, miRNAs, fragmented DNA, disease antigens, and proteins, exosomes modulate internal cell environments that promote downstream cell signaling pathways to facilitate different disease progression and induce anti-tumoral effects. In this review, we have summarized how vaccines modulate our immune response in the context of cancer and infectious diseases and the potential of exosomes as vaccine delivery vehicles. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies show that exosomes play a decisive role in processes like angiogenesis, prognosis, tumor growth metastasis, stromal cell activation, intercellular communication, maintaining cellular and systematic homeostasis, and antigen-specific T- and B cell responses. This critical review summarizes the advancement of exosome based vaccine development and delivery, and this comprehensive review can be used as a valuable reference for the broader delivery science community.
外泌体是由蛋白质、脂质、遗传信息、细胞因子和生长因子组成的细胞衍生成分。它们在免疫调节、细胞间通讯和炎症反应中发挥着重要作用。免疫调节对受损组织的再生有下游影响，促进受损固有细胞的存活和修复，并通过生长因子、抗原和信号分子促进肿瘤微环境。除了携带 mRNAs、miRNAs、碎片化 DNA、疾病抗原和蛋白质等生物信使外，外泌体还调节内部细胞环境，促进下游细胞信号通路，从而促进不同疾病的进展并诱导抗肿瘤作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了疫苗如何在癌症和传染病的背景下调节我们的免疫反应，以及外泌体作为疫苗递送载体的潜力。临床前和临床研究都表明，外泌体在血管生成、预后、肿瘤生长转移、基质细胞激活、细胞间通讯、维持细胞和系统内稳态以及抗原特异性 T 细胞和 B 细胞反应等过程中发挥着决定性作用。这篇重要的综述总结了基于外泌体的疫苗开发和递送的进展，本综述可以作为更广泛的递送科学领域的有价值的参考。
