Cheng Lijing, Abraham John, Trenberth Kevin E, Fasullo John, Boyer Tim, Mann Michael E, Zhu Jiang, Wang Fan, Locarnini Ricardo, Li Yuanlong, Zhang Bin, Tan Zhetao, Yu Fujiang, Wan Liying, Chen Xingrong, Song Xiangzhou, Liu Yulong, Reseghetti Franco, Simoncelli Simona, Gouretski Viktor, Chen Gengxin, Mishonov Alexey, Reagan Jim
International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China.
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China.
Adv Atmos Sci. 2022;39(3):373-385. doi: 10.1007/s00376-022-1461-3. Epub 2022 Jan 11.
The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content (OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year's record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ (1 zetta J = 10 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by 16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming is observed but with distinct inter-annual to decadal variability. Four out of seven domains showed record-high heat content in 2021. The anomalous global and regional ocean warming established in this study should be incorporated into climate risk assessments, adaptation, and mitigation.
人类活动导致大气中温室气体浓度增加,这将热量困在气候系统中,进而增加了海洋热含量(OHC)。在此,我们首次对两个国际团队提供的截至2021年的近期海洋热含量变化进行了分析。2021年,全球海洋是有人类记录以来最热的,使用中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP/CAS)数据集得出的2021年年度海洋热含量值比去年的记录值高出14±11泽焦耳(1泽焦耳=10焦耳),使用美国国家环境信息中心/美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NCEI/NOAA)数据集得出的结果则高出16±10泽焦耳。通过气候模型模拟可知,大西洋和南大洋的长期海洋变暖比其他地区更为明显,这主要归因于人为温室气体浓度的增加。海洋热含量的年际变化主要与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)有关。在印度洋、热带大西洋、北大西洋、西北太平洋、北太平洋、南大洋和地中海这七个海域,均观测到了显著变暖,但年际到年代际的变化各有不同。七个海域中有四个在2021年的热含量创下历史新高。本研究中确定的全球和区域海洋异常变暖情况应纳入气候风险评估、适应和缓解措施之中。