Characterization of temporospatial distribution of renal tubular casts by nephron tracking after ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Renal tubular casts originating from detached epithelial cells after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) can obstruct tubules and negatively impact glomerular filtration rate. Using multiphoton imaging of 400-μm-thick kidney sections, the distribution of casts and morphometric measurement of tubules was performed along the entire nephron for the first time. Tubular nuclei are shed before cell detachment, and visually occlusive casts () appeared at 12 h after IRI at the S3/thin descending limb (tDL) junction. casts peaked at 24 h after injury [present in 99% of S3, 78% of tDL, 76% of thin ascending limb (tAL), 60% of medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL), and 10% of connecting tubule segments]. Cast formation in the S3 correlated with selective loss of cell numbers from this tubule segment. By , most mTALs and connecting tubules were cast free, whereas 72% of S3 tubules and 58% of tDLs still contained casts. Although bulk phagocytosis of cast material by surviving tubular cells was not observed, mass spectrometry identified large numbers of tryptic peptides in the outer medulla, and trypsin levels were significantly increased in the kidney and urine 24 h after IRI. Administration of either antipain or camostat to inhibit trypsin extended cast burden to the S2, led to sustained accumulation of S3 casts after IRI, but did not affect cast burden in the mTAL or renal function. Our data provide detailed and dynamic mapping of tubular cast formation and resolution after IRI that can inform future interventions to accelerate cast clearance and renal recovery. This detailed characterization of the dynamic distribution of dead cell debris in ischemically injured kidney tubules reveals which cells in the kidney are most severely injured, when and where tubular casts form, and when (and to a lesser extent, how) they are cleared.