Rahman Saleem Ur, McCoy Evan, Raza Ghulam, Ali Zahir, Mansoor Shahid, Amin Imran
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Mol Biotechnol. 2023 Feb;65(2):162-180. doi: 10.1007/s12033-022-00456-6. Epub 2022 Feb 4.
Soybean is considered one of the important crops among legumes. Due to high nutritional contents in seed (proteins, sugars, oil, fatty acids, and amino acids), soybean is used globally for food, feed, and fuel. The primary consumption of soybean is vegetable oil and feed for chickens and livestock. Apart from this, soybean benefits soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen through root nodular bacteria. While conventional breeding is practiced for soybean improvement, with the advent of new biotechnological methods scientists have also engineered soybean to improve different traits (herbicide, insect, and disease resistance) to fulfill consumer requirements and to meet the global food deficiency. Genetic engineering (GE) techniques such as transgenesis and gene silencing help to minimize the risks and increase the adaptability of soybean. Recently, new plant breeding technologies (NPBTs) emerged such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), which paved the way for enhanced genetic modification of soybean. These NPBTs have the potential to improve soybean via gene functional characterization precision genome engineering for trait improvement. Importantly, these NPBTs address the ethical and public acceptance issues related to genetic modifications and transgenesis in soybean. In the present review, we summarized the improvement of soybean through GE and NPBTs. The valuable traits that have been improved through GE for different constraints have been discussed. Moreover, the traits that have been improved through NPBTs and potential targets for soybean improvements via NPBTs and solutions for ethical and public acceptance are also presented.
大豆被认为是豆科植物中重要的作物之一。由于种子中营养成分含量高（蛋白质、糖类、油脂、脂肪酸和氨基酸），大豆在全球范围内被用于食品、饲料和燃料。大豆的主要用途是植物油以及鸡和牲畜的饲料。除此之外，大豆通过根瘤菌固定大气中的氮，有利于土壤肥力。虽然传统育种方法用于大豆改良，但随着新生物技术方法的出现，科学家们也对大豆进行了基因改造，以改善不同性状（抗除草剂、抗虫和抗病），满足消费者需求并应对全球粮食短缺问题。转基因和基因沉默等基因工程（GE）技术有助于降低风险并提高大豆的适应性。最近，出现了新的植物育种技术（NPBTs），如锌指核酸酶、转录激活样效应因子核酸酶和成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR/Cas9），为大豆的强化基因改造铺平了道路。这些NPBTs有潜力通过基因功能表征和精确基因组工程来改善大豆性状。重要的是，这些NPBTs解决了与大豆基因改造和转基因相关的伦理和公众接受问题。在本综述中，我们总结了通过基因工程和NPBTs对大豆的改良。讨论了通过基因工程针对不同限制因素所改善的有价值性状。此外，还介绍了通过NPBTs改善的性状、通过NPBTs改善大豆的潜在靶点以及伦理和公众接受方面的解决方案。
