Edwards W D, Gabel W J, Hosmer F E
JAMA. 1986 Mar 21;255(11):1455-63.
Jesus of Nazareth underwent Jewish and Roman trials, was flogged, and was sentenced to death by crucifixion. The scourging produced deep stripelike lacerations and appreciable blood loss, and it probably set the stage for hypovolemic shock, as evidenced by the fact that Jesus was too weakened to carry the crossbar (patibulum) to Golgotha. At the site of crucifixion, his wrists were nailed to the patibulum and, after the patibulum was lifted onto the upright post (stipes), his feet were nailed to the stipes. The major pathophysiologic effect of crucifixion was an interference with normal respirations. Accordingly, death resulted primarily from hypovolemic shock and exhaustion asphyxia. Jesus' death was ensured by the thrust of a soldier's spear into his side. Modern medical interpretation of the historical evidence indicates that Jesus was dead when taken down from the cross.
拿撒勒的耶稣经历了犹太和罗马的审判，被鞭打，然后被判处钉十字架死刑。鞭笞造成了深深的条状撕裂伤和明显的失血，这可能为低血容量性休克埋下了伏笔，证据是耶稣虚弱到无法将横木（patibulum）扛到髑髅地。在钉十字架的地方，他的手腕被钉在横木上，之后横木被抬到直立的柱子（stipes）上，他的双脚被钉在柱子上。钉十字架的主要病理生理效应是干扰正常呼吸。因此，死亡主要是由低血容量性休克和疲惫性窒息导致的。一名士兵用长矛刺入耶稣的肋旁确保了他的死亡。对历史证据的现代医学解读表明，耶稣从十字架上被取下时已经死亡。
