Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1353:47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_3.
COVID-19 outbreak displayed presumably an increased accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 virus during comorbid complications and a substantial variation in the mortality within and between the countries, which in turn siren us the lack of knowledge in host-pathogen interactions (HPIs). Our aim is to describe the lessons taught by the COVID-19 pandemic in the existing/missing investigations on HPI.
This was from a retrospective meta-analysis of literature on "COVID-19 and comorbidity" to expose the existing paradigm gap in HPI by highlighting the omitted concepts/areas of research and new approaches to consider for the development of future therapeutics.
Literature on "COVID-19 and comorbidity" apparently depicted the disparity in HPI during comorbid/immune-challenged conditions, which was reflected in the poor prognosis of the disease and failed therapeutics upon clinical trials. Moreover, the entry, adherence, multiplication, and the following establishment of infection were also varied in groups with various comorbidities. This edified that the mode of interaction of an infectious agent could vary according to the immunological and health status of the host system and hence the efficiency/success rate of treatment modalities. In addition, limited number of literature on HPI upon comorbid and immune-challenged conditions of the host manifestly indicated that there is a lack of our focus/attention on consideration of the host immune/health-specific factors in HPI studies. These alert us that the development of unambiguous therapeutic approaches is needed for a better/successful treatment of novel infectious agents in the future.
By understanding the immunological state exhibited in SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us a great lesson that our current understanding of HPI is insufficient to fight and conquer novel infections in real life. Hence, newer approaches are obligatory to understand HPI in order to combat COVID-19-like outbreaks in the future, if any, and also to design novel immunogenic/nutraceutical-based therapeutics.
COVID-19 疫情爆发期间，合并症患者体内的 SARS-CoV-2 病毒可能会大量积累，不同国家的死亡率也存在显著差异，这表明我们对宿主-病原体相互作用（HPIs）的了解还不够充分。我们的目的是描述 COVID-19 大流行在现有/缺失的 HPIs 研究中所带来的教训。
这是一项关于“COVID-19 和合并症”的文献回顾性荟萃分析，旨在通过突出研究中被忽视的概念/领域和新的方法，来揭示 HPIs 中现有的范式差距，为未来治疗方法的发展提供参考。
关于“COVID-19 和合并症”的文献明显描绘了合并症/免疫挑战状态下 HPIs 的差异，这反映在疾病的预后不良和临床试验中治疗方法的失败上。此外，在不同合并症组中，感染的进入、黏附、增殖和随后的建立也存在差异。这说明，病原体的相互作用模式可能因宿主的免疫和健康状况而异，因此治疗方式的效率/成功率也会有所不同。此外，关于宿主合并症和免疫挑战状态下的 HPIs 的文献数量有限，这明显表明我们在 HPIs 研究中缺乏对宿主免疫/健康特定因素的关注。这提醒我们，需要制定明确的治疗方法，以便未来更好/成功地治疗新型感染。
通过了解 SARS-CoV-2 感染所表现出的免疫学状态，我们得出结论，COVID-19 大流行给我们上了重要的一课，即我们目前对 HPIs 的理解还不足以应对和征服现实生活中的新型感染。因此，为了应对未来可能出现的 COVID-19 样疫情，并设计新型免疫原性/营养治疗方法，我们有必要采用新的方法来理解 HPIs。
