Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Urologic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Theranostics. 2022 Jan 1;12(3):999-1011. doi: 10.7150/thno.63654. eCollection 2022.
Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein that protects epithelial cells in mammals. The transmembrane C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) plays a crucial role in oncogenesis. As an oncoprotein, MUC1-C regulates a number of proteins that are associated with tumorigenesis by interacting with oncoproteins, transcription factors, coactivators, etc., inducing proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, stemness, immune evasion, and drug resistance. Moreover, MUC1-C modulates the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which further regulate carcinogenesis by directly binding to specific proteins. ncRNAs can also affect MUC1 protein expression by targeting the MUC1 mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR). A series of ncRNAs can modulate cancer development by regulating MUC1-C. This review focuses on the interaction of MUC1-C with proteins and ncRNAs in cancer progression. We also summarize the recent advances in immunotherapy with a focus on therapeutic approaches based on MUC1-C and nanocarrier complexes for cancer treatment.
黏蛋白 1（MUC1）是一种异二聚体跨膜糖蛋白，可保护哺乳动物中的上皮细胞。跨膜 C 端亚基（MUC1-C）在肿瘤发生中起着至关重要的作用。作为一种癌蛋白，MUC1-C 通过与癌蛋白、转录因子、共激活因子等相互作用，调节许多与肿瘤发生相关的蛋白质，诱导增殖、上皮-间充质转化（EMT）、侵袭、干性、免疫逃逸和耐药性。此外，MUC1-C 还调节非编码 RNA（ncRNA）的表达，通过与特定蛋白质直接结合，进一步调节致癌作用。ncRNA 还可以通过靶向 MUC1 mRNA 3'非翻译区（UTR）来影响 MUC1 蛋白的表达。一系列 ncRNA 可以通过调节 MUC1-C 来调节癌症的发展。本综述重点介绍了 MUC1-C 在癌症进展中与蛋白质和 ncRNA 的相互作用。我们还总结了基于 MUC1-C 的免疫疗法的最新进展，以及基于 MUC1-C 和纳米载体复合物的癌症治疗的治疗方法。
