Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, and Center for Membrane Protein Research, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
Chem Soc Rev. 2022 Mar 7;51(5):1702-1728. doi: 10.1039/d1cs01074c.
Cancer therapy is a significant challenge due to insufficient drug delivery to the cancer cells and non-selective killing of healthy cells by most chemotherapy agents. Nano-formulations have shown great promise for targeted drug delivery with improved efficiency. The shape and size of nanocarriers significantly affect their transport inside the body and internalization into the cancer cells. Non-spherical nanoparticles have shown prolonged blood circulation half-lives and higher cellular internalization frequency than spherical ones. Nanodiscs are desirable nano-formulations that demonstrate enhanced anisotropic character and versatile functionalization potential. Here, we review the recent development of theranostic nanodiscs for cancer mitigation ranging from traditional lipid nanodiscs encased by membrane scaffold proteins to newer nanodiscs where either the membrane scaffold proteins or the lipid bilayers themselves are replaced with their synthetic analogues. We first discuss early cancer detection enabled by nanodiscs. We then explain different strategies that have been explored to carry a wide range of payloads for chemotherapy, cancer gene therapy, and cancer vaccines. Finally, we discuss recent progress on organic-inorganic hybrid nanodiscs and polymer nanodiscs that have the potential to overcome the inherent instability problem of lipid nanodiscs.
癌症治疗是一个重大的挑战，因为大多数化疗药物不能有效地将药物输送到癌细胞，并且对健康细胞具有非选择性杀伤作用。纳米制剂在靶向药物传递方面显示出巨大的应用前景，可提高效率。纳米载体的形状和大小显著影响其在体内的运输和进入癌细胞的内化。与球形纳米颗粒相比，非球形纳米颗粒具有更长的血液循环半衰期和更高的细胞内化频率。纳米盘是一种理想的纳米制剂，具有增强的各向异性和多功能化潜力。在这里，我们综述了近年来用于癌症缓解的治疗性纳米盘的发展，范围从由膜支架蛋白包裹的传统脂质纳米盘到新型纳米盘，其中膜支架蛋白或脂质双层本身被其合成类似物取代。我们首先讨论了纳米盘在早期癌症检测方面的应用。然后，我们解释了为化疗、癌症基因治疗和癌症疫苗携带各种有效载荷而探索的不同策略。最后，我们讨论了有机-无机杂化纳米盘和聚合物纳米盘的最新进展，它们有可能克服脂质纳米盘固有的不稳定性问题。
