Serra Renata, Ludgate Nargiza, Fiorillo Dowhaniuk Katherine, McKune Sarah L, Russo Sandra
Center for African Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
International Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Animals (Basel). 2022 Jan 20;12(3):241. doi: 10.3390/ani12030241.
The (PPR) is a deadly viral disease of small ruminants, which are an important source of livelihood for hundreds of millions of poor smallholders throughout Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. PPR vaccination efforts often focus on overcoming financial, technological, and logistical constraints that limit their reach and effectiveness. This study posits that it is equally important to pay attention to the role of gender and other intersecting social and cultural factors in determining individual and groups' ability to access PPR vaccines or successfully operate within the vaccine distribution system. We compare three study contexts in Nepal, Senegal, and Uganda. Qualitative data were collected through a total of 99 focus group discussions with men and women livestock keepers and animal health workers, 83 individual interviews, and 74 key informant interviews. Our findings show that there are not only important gender differences, but also interrelated structures of inequalities, which create additional sites of exclusion. However, these intersections are not generalizable across contexts-except for the intersection of gender and geographic remoteness, which is salient across vaccine distribution systems in the three countries-and social markers such as caste, ethnicity, and livelihood are associated with vulnerability only in specific settings. In order to address the distinct needs of livestock keepers in given settings, we argue that an intersectional analysis combined with context-dependent vaccination approaches are critical to achieving higher vaccination rates and, ultimately, PPR disease eradication by 2030.
小反刍兽疫（PPR）是一种危害小反刍动物的致命病毒性疾病，而小反刍动物是非洲、中东和亚洲数亿贫困小农户重要的生计来源。小反刍兽疫疫苗接种工作往往侧重于克服那些限制其覆盖范围和效果的资金、技术及后勤方面的制约因素。本研究认为，关注性别角色以及其他相互交织的社会和文化因素在决定个人和群体获取小反刍兽疫疫苗的能力或在疫苗分发系统中成功运作的能力方面所起的作用同样重要。我们比较了尼泊尔、塞内加尔和乌干达的三个研究背景。通过与男性和女性牲畜饲养者以及动物卫生工作者总共进行99次焦点小组讨论、83次个人访谈和74次关键信息人访谈收集了定性数据。我们的研究结果表明，不仅存在重要的性别差异，还存在相互关联的不平等结构，这些不平等结构造成了更多的排斥点。然而，除了性别与地理偏远程度的交叉点在这三个国家的疫苗分发系统中都很突出之外，这些交叉点在不同背景下并不具有普遍性，种姓、族裔和生计等社会标志仅在特定环境中与脆弱性相关。为了满足特定环境中牲畜饲养者的不同需求，我们认为交叉性分析与因地制宜的疫苗接种方法相结合对于提高疫苗接种率并最终在2030年根除小反刍兽疫至关重要。
