Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
Molecules. 2022 Jan 20;27(3):674. doi: 10.3390/molecules27030674.
The use of nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a promising, novel approach for the treatment of antibiotic resistant bacteria and biofilm infections. Depending on the concentration, NO can induce biofilm dispersal, increase bacteria susceptibility to antibiotic treatment, and induce cell damage or cell death via the formation of reactive oxygen or reactive nitrogen species. The use of NO is, however, limited by its reactivity, which can affect NO delivery to its target site and result in off-target effects. To overcome these issues, and enable spatial or temporal control over NO release, various strategies for the design of NO-releasing materials, including the incorporation of photo-activable, charge-switchable, or bacteria-targeting groups, have been developed. Other strategies have focused on increased NO storage and delivery by encapsulation or conjugation of NO donors within a single polymeric framework. This review compiles recent developments in NO drugs and NO-releasing materials designed for applications in antimicrobial or anti-biofilm treatment and discusses limitations and variability in biological responses in response to the use of NO for bacterial eradiation.
一氧化氮（NO）的应用作为一种有前途的新型方法，正在被用于治疗对抗生素耐药的细菌和生物膜感染。根据浓度的不同，NO 可以诱导生物膜分散，增加细菌对抗生素治疗的敏感性，并通过形成活性氧或活性氮物种诱导细胞损伤或细胞死亡。然而，NO 的使用受到其反应性的限制，这可能会影响 NO 到达其靶位的能力，并导致非靶位效应。为了克服这些问题，并实现对 NO 释放的时空控制，已经开发了各种设计释放 NO 的材料的策略，包括加入光激活、电荷切换或细菌靶向基团。其他策略则侧重于通过将 NO 供体封装或偶联在单个聚合物框架内来增加 NO 的储存和输送。本文综述了用于抗菌或抗生物膜治疗的 NO 药物和 NO 释放材料的最新进展，并讨论了在使用 NO 进行细菌清除时，对细菌的杀灭效果的生物学反应的局限性和可变性。
