Bioinspired and biomimetic micro- and nanostructures have a high significance in the field of biomedicine. In this review, the possible applications of these micro- and nanostructures that come across in our daily life and inspired by nature itself are presented. Also, the biomimetic and bioinspired systems related to micro- and nanostructures in biomedicine are also described. The role of bioinspired and biomimetic micro- and nanostructures in therapeutics, especially in anti-inflammatory and wound healing, development of bioinspired medical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene delivery, pressure sensors, and bioprinting are discussed. The biomimetic and bioinspired systems using carbon-based nanostructures, polymer nanocomposites, hybrid scaffolds, polymer networks,and protein nanostructures are also reviewed. The advantage of these bioinspired and biomimetic structures is derived from their high biocompatibility when compared to the synthetically derived micro-/nanostructures. By developing deeper knowledge and overcoming the associated challenges, these micro- and nanostructures present a promising solution for many unresolved problems in biomedicine.