College of Safety Science & Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, China.
Key Laboratory of Mine Thermodynamic Disasters & Control of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, Liaoning, China.
Sci Rep. 2022 Feb 17;12(1):2732. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06211-w.
To ensure the safe construction of prefabricated buildings and improve the efficiency of the safe evacuation of construction personnel after a fire caused by improper operation during construction, this study used the PyroSim software to numerically simulate a fire situation based on the size and volume of a prefabricated building construction site. The variation rules of smoke visibility, CO concentration, and ambient temperature in the construction site of prefabricated buildings were analyzed and the available safe evacuation time was determined. Moreover, the Pathfinder software was used for simulation in combination with the physical attributes of personnel, evacuation speed, and personnel proportions. The time required for safe evacuation was determined and the factors influencing the evacuation time, such as the quantity and location of stacked prefabricated components, machinery, and appliances, and the number of on-site construction personnel, were analyzed. The data collected by the temperature sensor, CO concentration sensor, and visibility sensor reveal that the visibility and crash time are the key factors restricting the efficiency of personnel avoidance and evacuation. At 400 s, the visibility at the escape exit of the prefabricated apartment construction site was lower than 5 m. The crashing time of the building was 360 s, which is the critical point for casualties. The first emergency evacuation simulation took 398.7 s. The required safe evacuation time (T) > available safe evacuation time (T), and the original site layout cannot facilitate the safe evacuation of all construction workers. The evacuation time can be effectively reduced by re-planning the stacking positions of prefabricated construction site components, construction equipment, and other items, and reducing the number of personnel in the construction plane. The results of the second simulation reveal that the safe evacuation time (T) is 355.2 s. Because it is required that the safety evacuation time (T) < available safe evacuation time (T), the results are in line with the emergency evacuation requirements. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the rational planning of evacuation passages at the construction sites of prefabricated buildings and assist the management of construction site safety.
为确保预制建筑的安全施工，并提高因施工不当引发火灾后施工人员安全疏散的效率，本研究使用 PyroSim 软件，根据预制建筑施工现场的规模和体积，对火灾情况进行数值模拟。分析了预制建筑施工现场烟能见度、CO 浓度和环境温度的变化规律，确定了可用的安全疏散时间。此外，还结合人员的物理属性、疏散速度和人员比例，使用 Pathfinder 软件进行模拟，确定了安全疏散所需的时间，并分析了影响疏散时间的因素，如预制构件、机械和设备的堆叠数量和位置，以及现场施工人员的数量等。温度传感器、CO 浓度传感器和能见度传感器收集的数据表明，能见度和崩塌时间是限制人员回避和疏散效率的关键因素。在 400 秒时，预制公寓施工现场逃生出口的能见度低于 5 米。建筑物的崩塌时间为 360 秒，这是造成人员伤亡的临界点。第一次紧急疏散模拟用时 398.7 秒。所需的安全疏散时间（T）>>可用的安全疏散时间（T），且原始场地布局不利于所有施工人员的安全疏散。通过重新规划预制施工现场构件、施工设备和其他物品的堆放位置，减少施工平面上的人员数量，可以有效缩短疏散时间。第二次模拟的结果表明，安全疏散时间（T）为 355.2 秒。由于要求安全疏散时间（T）<可用的安全疏散时间（T），因此结果符合紧急疏散要求。本研究的结果可为预制建筑施工现场疏散通道的合理规划提供理论依据，并有助于施工现场安全管理。
