Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Nov;86(Pt 1):80-100. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.020. Epub 2022 Feb 19.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), is the umbrella term used for different types of vesicles produced by the cells, among which exosomes form the largest group. Exosomes perform intercellular communication by carrying several biologics from donor or parental cells and delivering them to recipient cells. Their unique cargo-carrying capacity has recently been explored for use as delivery vehicles of anticancer drugs and imaging agents. Being naturally produced, exosomes have many advantages over synthetic lipid-based nanoparticles currently being used clinically to treat cancer and other diseases. The finding of the role of exosomes in human diseases has led to numerous preclinical and clinical studies exploring their use as an amenable drug delivery vehicle and a theranostic in cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, there are certain limitations associated with exosomes, with the most important being the selection of the biological source for producing highly biocompatible exosomes on a large scale. This review article explores the various sources from which therapeutically viable exosomes can be isolated for use as drug carriers for cancer treatment. The methods of exosome isolation and the process of loading them with cancer therapeutics and imaging agents are also discussed in the follow-up sections. Finally, the article concludes with future directions for exosome-based applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 是用于描述细胞产生的不同类型囊泡的总称，其中外泌体构成了最大的一组。外泌体通过携带供体细胞或亲代细胞中的几种生物分子，并将其递送到受体细胞来进行细胞间通讯。它们独特的载物能力最近被探索用于作为抗癌药物和成像剂的递送载体。由于外泌体是天然产生的，因此与目前临床上用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的合成脂质基纳米颗粒相比，具有许多优势。外泌体在人类疾病中的作用的发现导致了大量的临床前和临床研究，探索其作为一种易于使用的药物递送载体，以及在癌症诊断和治疗中的治疗学诊断。然而，外泌体也存在一定的局限性，最重要的是在大规模生产高度生物相容性外泌体时，选择生物来源。这篇综述文章探讨了可以从哪些治疗上可行的来源中分离出治疗性外泌体，将其用作癌症治疗的药物载体。后续部分还讨论了外泌体的分离方法，以及将其装载癌症治疗药物和成像剂的过程。最后，文章总结了基于外泌体的应用在癌症诊断和治疗中的未来方向。
