Noninvasive Electrophysiology: Emerging Prospects in Aquatic Neurotoxicity Testing.

The significance of neurotoxicological risks associated with anthropogenic pollution is gaining increasing recognition worldwide. In this regard, perturbations in behavioral traits upon exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of neurotoxic and neuro-modulating contaminants have been linked to diminished ecological fitness of many aquatic species. Despite an increasing interest in behavioral testing in aquatic ecotoxicology there is, however, a notable gap in understanding of the neurophysiological foundations responsible for the altered behavioral phenotypes. One of the canonical approaches to explain the mechanisms of neuro-behavioral changes is functional analysis of neuronal transmission. In aquatic animals it requires, however, invasive, complex, and time-consuming electrophysiology techniques. In this perspective, we highlight emerging prospects of noninvasive, electrophysiology based on multielectrode arrays (MEAs). This technology has only recently been pioneered for the detection and analysis of transient electrical signals in the central nervous system of small model organisms such as zebrafish. The analysis resembles electroencephalography (EEG) applications and provides an appealing strategy for mechanistic explorative studies as well as routine neurotoxicity risk assessment. We outline the prospective future applications and existing challenges of this emerging analytical strategy that is poised to bring new vistas for aquatic ecotoxicology such as greater mechanistic understanding of eco-neurotoxicity and thus more robust risk assessment protocols.