Siddiqui Hummaira Banu, Dogru Sedat, Lashkarinia Seyedeh Samaneh, Pekkan Kerem
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022 Feb 21;9(2):64. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9020064.
During embryonic development, changes in the cardiovascular microstructure and material properties are essential for an integrated biomechanical understanding. This knowledge also enables realistic predictive computational tools, specifically targeting the formation of congenital heart defects. Material characterization of cardiovascular embryonic tissue at consequent embryonic stages is critical to understand growth, remodeling, and hemodynamic functions. Two biomechanical loading modes, which are wall shear stress and blood pressure, are associated with distinct molecular pathways and govern vascular morphology through microstructural remodeling. Dynamic embryonic tissues have complex signaling networks integrated with mechanical factors such as stress, strain, and stiffness. While the multiscale interplay between the mechanical loading modes and microstructural changes has been studied in animal models, mechanical characterization of early embryonic cardiovascular tissue is challenging due to the miniature sample sizes and active/passive vascular components. Accordingly, this comparative review focuses on the embryonic material characterization of developing cardiovascular systems and attempts to classify it for different species and embryonic timepoints. Key cardiovascular components including the great vessels, ventricles, heart valves, and the umbilical cord arteries are covered. A state-of-the-art review of experimental techniques for embryonic material characterization is provided along with the two novel methods developed to measure the residual and von Mises stress distributions in avian embryonic vessels noninvasively, for the first time in the literature. As attempted in this review, the compilation of embryonic mechanical properties will also contribute to our understanding of the mature cardiovascular system and possibly lead to new microstructural and genetic interventions to correct abnormal development.
在胚胎发育过程中，心血管微观结构和材料特性的变化对于全面理解生物力学至关重要。这些知识还能催生逼真的预测性计算工具，特别是针对先天性心脏缺陷的形成。对后续胚胎阶段心血管胚胎组织的材料特性进行表征，对于理解生长、重塑和血液动力学功能至关重要。两种生物力学加载模式，即壁面剪应力和血压，与不同的分子途径相关，并通过微观结构重塑来控制血管形态。动态的胚胎组织具有与应力、应变和刚度等机械因素整合在一起的复杂信号网络。虽然在动物模型中已经研究了机械加载模式与微观结构变化之间的多尺度相互作用，但由于样本尺寸微小以及血管的主动/被动成分，早期胚胎心血管组织的力学表征具有挑战性。因此，本比较综述聚焦于发育中心血管系统的胚胎材料特性表征，并尝试针对不同物种和胚胎时间点进行分类。涵盖了包括大血管、心室、心脏瓣膜和脐动脉在内的关键心血管组件。本文提供了胚胎材料特性表征实验技术的最新综述，以及首次在文献中开发的两种用于无创测量禽类胚胎血管残余应力和冯·米塞斯应力分布的新方法。正如本综述中所尝试的那样，胚胎力学特性的汇编也将有助于我们对成熟心血管系统的理解，并可能导致新的微观结构和基因干预措施来纠正异常发育。
