Aalberg Martine, Roaas Truls Valland, Aune Morten Andreas, Bjerke Øyvind, Aune Tore Kristian
Department of Sport Science, Sport and Human Movement Science Research Group (SaHMS), Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway.
Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
Sports (Basel). 2022 Jan 28;10(2):16. doi: 10.3390/sports10020016.
A comprehensive understanding of skill acquisition is important for different performance domains, and has practical implications for both sport sciences and public health. The study compared important constraints for expertise development in a physically demanding sport (cross-country skiing) versus a technically demanding sport (freeskiing). Eighteen world-class athletes reported the importance of different constraints for their developmental history subdivided into two age spans: (1) 7-15 years and (2) 16 years until present. The total amount of training did not differ between the groups, but from the age of 16, the cross-country skiers spend approximately 98% of their training specific to their main sport, compared to 75% for freeskiers. No differences were found between the distribution of organized versus non-organized training in main sport, but freeskiers reported a higher amount of unorganized training in other sports after the age of 16. No differences were found in perceived importance of facilities, enjoyment of performing their sport, or the need for early specialization of training. After the age of 16, the cross-country skiers reported a higher need for coach involvement compared to freeskiers. The two sports mainly share common paths to expertise but differ in the need for specific training and coach involvement.
全面理解技能习得对于不同的表现领域都很重要，并且对体育科学和公共卫生都具有实际意义。该研究比较了对体能要求较高的运动项目（越野滑雪）和对技术要求较高的运动项目（自由式滑雪）中专业技能发展的重要制约因素。18名世界级运动员报告了不同制约因素对他们成长历程的重要性，成长历程分为两个年龄段：（1）7 - 15岁和（2）16岁至今。两组运动员的总训练量没有差异，但从16岁起，越野滑雪运动员将约98%的训练时间用于其主要运动项目，而自由式滑雪运动员这一比例为75%。在主要运动项目中，有组织训练和无组织训练的分布没有差异，但自由式滑雪运动员报告称，16岁之后他们在其他运动项目上的无组织训练量更多。在设施的重要性认知、对从事该项运动的喜爱程度或早期专项训练的需求方面未发现差异。16岁之后，与自由式滑雪运动员相比，越野滑雪运动员报告称更需要教练的参与。这两项运动在通往专业技能的路径上主要有共同之处，但在特定训练需求和教练参与方面存在差异。
