1K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY; 2Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, NORWAY; 3Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY; and 4Wales Heart Research Institute, Department of Cardiology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Oct;47(10):2150-7. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000634.
This study aims to compare maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), blood volume (BV), hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), and brachial endothelial function, measured as flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), in international-level endurance athletes primarily exercising with the whole body (cross-country skiing), lower body (orienteering), or upper body (flatwater kayak).
Seventeen cross-country skiers, 15 orienteers, and 11 flatwater kayakers were tested for V˙O2max, BV, Hbmass, and FMD. Additionally, body composition and annual training (type, volume, and intensity of training) were analyzed.
Absolute and body-mass-normalized V˙O2max values were 11.3% and 9.9% higher, respectively, in skiers (5.83 ± 0.60 L·min and 77.9 ± 4.2 mL·min·kg) compared to orienteers (5.24 ± 0.45 L·min and 70.9 ± 3.5 mL·min·kg) (P < 0.01), whereas kayakers (5.78 ± 0.56 L·min and 73.7 ± 6.3 mL·min·kg) did not differ from skiers. BV was 9.9%-11.8% higher in skiers and orienteers compared to kayakers when normalized for total body mass and fat-free mass, and skiers had 9.2% and 9.9% higher Hbmass normalized for total body mass and fat-free mass compared to kayakers (all P < 0.05). Arterial diameter was 11.8%-15.0% larger in kayakers (4.38 ± 0.63 mm) and skiers (4.22 ± 0.36 mm) compared to orienteers (3.81 ± 0.32 mm) (P < 0.05), whereas FMD did not differ between groups.
This study indicates that higher V˙O2max in cross-country skiers and greater arterial diameters in the arms of skiers and kayakers are sport-specific physiological adaptations to chronic endurance training in whole-body and upper-body exercise modes. However, variations in these variables are not associated with BV or Hbmass.
本研究旨在比较国际水平的耐力运动员的最大摄氧量（V˙O2max）、血容量（BV）、血红蛋白质量（Hbmass）和肱动脉内皮功能（以血流介导的扩张（FMD）来衡量），这些运动员主要通过全身（越野滑雪）、下半身（定向）或上半身（静水皮划艇）进行锻炼。
对 17 名越野滑雪者、15 名定向运动员和 11 名静水皮划艇运动员进行 V˙O2max、BV、Hbmass 和 FMD 测试。此外，还分析了身体成分和年度训练（训练类型、训练量和训练强度）。
与定向运动员（5.24 ± 0.45 L·min 和 70.9 ± 3.5 mL·min·kg）相比，越野滑雪者的绝对和体重归一化 V˙O2max 值分别高 11.3%和 9.9%（5.83 ± 0.60 L·min 和 77.9 ± 4.2 mL·min·kg）（P < 0.01），而静水皮划艇运动员（5.78 ± 0.56 L·min 和 73.7 ± 6.3 mL·min·kg）与越野滑雪者没有差异。当按总体重和去脂体重归一化时，滑雪者和定向运动员的 BV 比皮划艇运动员高 9.9%-11.8%，当按总体重和去脂体重归一化时，滑雪者的 Hbmass 比皮划艇运动员高 9.2%和 9.9%（均 P < 0.05）。与定向运动员（3.81 ± 0.32 mm）相比，皮划艇运动员（4.38 ± 0.63 mm）和滑雪者（4.22 ± 0.36 mm）的动脉直径大 11.8%-15.0%（P < 0.05），而各组之间的 FMD 没有差异。
本研究表明，越野滑雪者的 V˙O2max 较高，滑雪者和皮划艇运动员的手臂动脉直径较大，这是对全身和上半身运动模式慢性耐力训练的特定于运动的生理适应。然而，这些变量的变化与 BV 或 Hbmass 无关。
