Costanzo Giulia, Vitale Ermenegilda, Iesce Maria Rosaria, Naviglio Daniele, Amoresano Angela, Fontanarosa Carolina, Spinelli Michele, Ciaravolo Martina, Arena Carmen
Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Jan 19;11(2):187. doi: 10.3390/antiox11020187.
In this work, we assess the potential of waste products of Phlegrean mandarin ( Blanco), namely seeds and peel, to be reutilized as a source of bioactive compounds beneficial for the human diet. Starting from the evidence that the by-products of this specific cultivar are the most powerful sources of antioxidants compared to pulp, we have investigated if and how the bioactive compounds in peel and seeds may be affected by fruit ripening. Three stages of fruit ripening have been considered in our study: unripe fruits = UF, semi-ripe fruits = SRF, ripe fruits = RF. The overall results indicated that RF showed the highest concentration of antioxidants. Among fruit components, peel was the richest in total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, total flavonoids, total chlorophylls and carotenoids, while seeds exhibited the highest concentration of total condensed tannins and ascorbic acid. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay indicates the occurrence, in peel extracts, of 28 phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (FLs); in seeds, 34 derivatives were present in the first stage (UF), which diminish to 24 during the ripening process. Our data indicated that the content of phytochemicals in citrus strongly varies among the fruit components and depends on the ripening stage. The higher antioxidant activity of peel and seeds, especially in RF, encourage a potential use of by-products of this specific citrus cultivar for industrial or pharmacological applications. However, to maximize the occurrence of desired bioactive compounds, it is important also to consider the ripening stage at which fruits must be collected.
在这项研究中，我们评估了伏令夏橙（Blanco）的废弃物（即种子和果皮）作为对人类饮食有益的生物活性化合物来源进行再利用的潜力。基于该特定品种的副产品与果肉相比是最强大的抗氧化剂来源这一证据，我们研究了果皮和种子中的生物活性化合物是否以及如何受到果实成熟的影响。我们的研究考虑了果实成熟的三个阶段：未成熟果实 = UF，半成熟果实 = SRF，成熟果实 = RF。总体结果表明，成熟果实的抗氧化剂浓度最高。在果实各部分中，果皮的总抗氧化能力、总多酚含量、总黄酮、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量最高，而种子中的总缩合单宁和抗坏血酸浓度最高。液相色谱 - 串联质谱（LC - MS/MS）分析表明，果皮提取物中存在28种酚类化合物，主要是黄酮类化合物（FLs）；种子中，在第一阶段（UF）存在34种衍生物，在成熟过程中减少到24种。我们的数据表明，柑橘类果实各部分的植物化学物质含量差异很大，并且取决于成熟阶段。果皮和种子较高的抗氧化活性，尤其是在成熟果实中，促使这种特定柑橘品种的副产品在工业或药理学应用中有潜在用途。然而，为了使所需生物活性化合物的含量最大化，考虑果实必须采摘的成熟阶段也很重要。
