Paura Bruno, Di Marzio Piera
Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy.
Biology (Basel). 2022 Feb 11;11(2):285. doi: 10.3390/biology11020285.
In 1766, the agricultural scientist Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti described for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the wild and cultivated plant species that could be used, in times of famine, to increase the quantity of flour or vegetable mass in bread making. These wild plants can be defined as wild edible plants (WEPs) or "alimurgic species", a concept usually traced back to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti himself. The 342 plant names mentioned in the text are in the Tuscan vernacular, so a research work was done on bibliographic sources from the 1800s in order to match them with their current nomenclature. This process led to an "alimurgic flora" repertoire based on the writing of Targioni Tozzetti; and a comparison with our AlimurgITA database of 1103 wild edible plants used in Italy. It is particularly interesting that in his short treatise, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti identified eight toxic plants (corresponding to 14 species), indicating how to eliminate the poisonous substances from their useful roots. We treat them in detail, examining their current and past use, their geographical distribution in Italy, and their eventual toxicity. We obtained 343 matches, of which 198 were reliable (certain matches) and 145 possessed some degree of uncertainty (due to generic or collective vernacular names). Among the 198 certain identifications, 140 species are present in the AlimurgITA database (92 mentioned for Tuscany) and 58 are not; for bread-making there are only documentary traces of 53 species for Italy and 7 for Tuscany. Moreover, among the total 198 species, 84 showed some degree of hazard. Researching edible toxic spontaneous species allows: (1) investigation, from an unusual perspective, of a historical period in which the poor conditions of some social strata led to finding unusual solutions to food provision; (2) idea generation to re-enable potentially useful WEPs whose use has been lost. Making a virtue of necessity!
1766年，农业科学家乔瓦尼·塔尔焦尼·托泽蒂为托斯卡纳大公国描述了一些野生和栽培植物物种，这些植物在饥荒时期可用于增加面包制作中面粉或蔬菜原料的数量。这些野生植物可被定义为野生可食用植物（WEPs）或“食用植物物种”，这一概念通常可追溯到乔瓦尼·塔尔焦尼·托泽蒂本人。文本中提到的342种植物名称使用的是托斯卡纳方言，因此对19世纪的文献资料进行了研究，以便将它们与当前的命名法进行匹配。这一过程产生了一份基于塔尔焦尼·托泽蒂著作的“食用植物区系”名录，并与我们包含1103种意大利使用的野生可食用植物的AlimurgITA数据库进行了比较。特别有趣的是，乔瓦尼·塔尔焦尼·托泽蒂在他的简短论文中识别出了八种有毒植物（对应14个物种），并说明了如何从其有用的根部去除有毒物质。我们对它们进行了详细研究，考察了它们当前和过去的用途、在意大利的地理分布以及它们最终的毒性。我们获得了343个匹配项，其中198个是可靠的（确定匹配），145个存在一定程度的不确定性（由于通用或集体方言名称）。在198个确定的识别中，140个物种存在于AlimurgITA数据库中（92个在托斯卡纳被提及），58个不存在；关于意大利的面包制作，只有53个物种和托斯卡纳的7个物种有文献记载。此外，在总共198个物种中，84个显示出一定程度的危险性。研究可食用的有毒自生植物可以：（1）从一个不同寻常的角度考察一个历史时期，在这个时期，一些社会阶层的贫困状况导致人们寻找不同寻常的食物供应解决方案；（2）产生重新启用那些其使用已经失传但可能有用的野生可食用植物的想法。化不利为有利！
