Bucharskaya Alla B, Khlebtsov Nikolai G, Khlebtsov Boris N, Maslyakova Galina N, Navolokin Nikita A, Genin Vadim D, Genina Elina A, Tuchin Valery V
Core Facility Center, Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bol'shaya Kazachya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia.
Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia.
Materials (Basel). 2022 Feb 21;15(4):1606. doi: 10.3390/ma15041606.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world. For a number of neoplasms, the efficiency of conventional chemo- and radiation therapies is insufficient because of drug resistance and marked toxicity. Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPT) using local hyperthermia induced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has recently been extensively explored in tumor treatment. However, despite attractive promises, the current PPT status is limited by laboratory experiments, academic papers, and only a few preclinical studies. Unfortunately, most nanoformulations still share a similar fate: great laboratory promises and fair preclinical trials. This review discusses the current challenges and prospects of plasmonic nanomedicine based on PPT and photodynamic therapy (PDT). We start with consideration of the fundamental principles underlying plasmonic properties of AuNPs to tune their plasmon resonance for the desired NIR-I, NIR-2, and SWIR optical windows. The basic principles for simulation of optical cross-sections and plasmonic heating under CW and pulsed irradiation are discussed. Then, we consider the state-of-the-art methods for wet chemical synthesis of the most popular PPPT AuNPs such as silica/gold nanoshells, Au nanostars, nanorods, and nanocages. The photothermal efficiencies of these nanoparticles are compared, and their applications to current nanomedicine are shortly discussed. In a separate section, we discuss the fabrication of gold and other nanoparticles by the pulsed laser ablation in liquid method. The second part of the review is devoted to our recent experimental results on laser-activated interaction of AuNPs with tumor and healthy tissues and current achievements of other research groups in this application area. The unresolved issues of PPT are the significant accumulation of AuNPs in the organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system, causing potential toxic effects of nanoparticles, and the possibility of tumor recurrence due to the presence of survived tumor cells. The prospective ways of solving these problems are discussed, including developing combined antitumor therapy based on combined PPT and PDT. In the conclusion section, we summarize the most urgent needs of current PPT-based nanomedicine.
癌症仍然是全球主要死因之一。对于许多肿瘤而言，由于耐药性和明显的毒性，传统的化学疗法和放射疗法效率不足。利用金纳米颗粒（AuNP）诱导局部热疗的等离子体光热疗法（PPT）最近在肿瘤治疗中得到了广泛探索。然而，尽管前景诱人，但目前PPT的进展仍局限于实验室实验、学术论文以及少数临床前研究。不幸的是，大多数纳米制剂仍有着相似的命运：在实验室中前景广阔，但临床前试验结果平平。本综述讨论了基于PPT和光动力疗法（PDT）的等离子体纳米医学的当前挑战和前景。我们首先考虑AuNP等离子体特性的基本原理，以调节其等离子体共振，使其适用于所需的近红外I区、近红外2区和短波红外光学窗口。讨论了连续波和脉冲照射下光学截面模拟和等离子体加热的基本原理。然后，我们考虑了用于湿化学合成最常用的PPT AuNP的最新方法，如二氧化硅/金纳米壳、金纳米星、纳米棒和纳米笼。比较了这些纳米颗粒的光热效率，并简要讨论了它们在当前纳米医学中的应用。在单独的一节中，我们讨论了通过液体中的脉冲激光烧蚀法制备金和其他纳米颗粒。综述的第二部分致力于介绍我们最近关于AuNP与肿瘤和健康组织的激光激活相互作用的实验结果，以及其他研究小组在该应用领域的当前成果。PPT尚未解决的问题包括AuNP在单核吞噬细胞系统器官中的大量积累，这会导致纳米颗粒产生潜在的毒性作用，以及由于存活肿瘤细胞的存在而导致肿瘤复发的可能性。讨论了解决这些问题的潜在途径，包括开发基于PPT和PDT联合的联合抗肿瘤疗法。在结论部分，我们总结了当前基于PPT的纳米医学最迫切的需求。
