Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China.
College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jun 20;826:154116. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154116. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
Antibiotics have been widely used for disease treatment and may pose adverse effects on human health due to increasing presence of antibiotic-resistant genes in environment. Therefore, it is important to understand antibiotic use in a specific region or country. China is a major producer of antibiotic and has a large number of consumers. In this work, wastewater samples were collected from 76 wastewater treatment plants in 31 major cities covering all of the geographic regions of China. Concentrations of eight metabolites of sulfonamide, quinolone and macrolide antibiotics were determined. The consumption levels of corresponding antibiotics were estimated based on wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach. Desmethyl ofloxacin, desethylene norfloxacin, desmethyl azithromycin and N-acetyl sulfamethoxazole were detected in all or the overwhelming majority of wastewater samples. The estimated ∑8Antibiotics consumption levels ranged from 275.1 ± 139.4 mg/1000 inh/d (Nanchang) to 3860.9 ± 1332.3 mg/1000 inh/d (Harbin) with a mean level of 1170.0 ± 452.1 mg/1000 inh/d. Quinolones accounted for the highest proportion (74.3%, national average contribution) in the total consumption level, with norfloxacin being the dominant one (38.4%), followed by ofloxacin (29.1%) and ciprofloxacin (6.8%). The ∑8Antibiotics consumption level in northern China (1517.0 ± 1022.8 mg/1000 inh/d) was statistically higher than the level in southern China (1060.7 ± 989.1 mg/1000 inh/d) (t-test, p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant difference was found between eastern (1256.2 ± 1105.1 mg/1000 inh/d) and western China (988.3 ± 474.5 mg/1000 inh/d) (t-test, p > 0.05). The overview of antibiotics consumption derived from this work can serve as a baseline to assess the implementation of related plans/policies in China.
抗生素被广泛用于疾病治疗，但由于环境中抗生素抗性基因的增加，可能对人类健康产生不利影响。因此，了解特定地区或国家的抗生素使用情况非常重要。中国是抗生素的主要生产国，也是抗生素的消费大国。在这项工作中，从中国 31 个主要城市的 76 个污水处理厂采集了污水样本。测定了磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素的 8 种代谢物的浓度。根据基于污水的流行病学（WBE）方法估算了相应抗生素的消费水平。在所有或绝大多数污水样本中都检测到了脱甲氧基氟沙星、去亚乙烯基诺氟沙星、去甲阿奇霉素和 N-乙酰磺胺甲恶唑。估计的∑8抗生素消费水平范围从 275.1 ± 139.4 mg/1000 inh/d（南昌）到 3860.9 ± 1332.3 mg/1000 inh/d（哈尔滨），平均值为 1170.0 ± 452.1 mg/1000 inh/d。喹诺酮类抗生素在总消费水平中占比最高（74.3%，全国平均贡献率），其中诺氟沙星占主导地位（38.4%），其次是氧氟沙星（29.1%）和环丙沙星（6.8%）。中国北方（1517.0 ± 1022.8 mg/1000 inh/d）的∑8抗生素消费水平明显高于南方（1060.7 ± 989.1 mg/1000 inh/d）（t 检验，p < 0.05）。相比之下，中国东部（1256.2 ± 1105.1 mg/1000 inh/d）和西部（988.3 ± 474.5 mg/1000 inh/d）之间没有发现显著差异（t 检验，p > 0.05）。本研究得出的抗生素消费概况可以作为评估中国相关计划/政策实施情况的基线。
