Widdicombe J G
Clin Chest Med. 1986 Jun;7(2):159-70.
The nose, as an organ initiating reflexes affecting itself and the rest of the body, and as a target organ of control, is highly complex. Its innervation includes parasympathetic, sympathetic, sensory/afferent, and somatic motor nerves, which combine in a variety of morphologic pathways. The vasculature of the nose contains capacitance vessels such as sinusoids and distensible venules, as well as arteriovenous anastomoses, arterioles, capillaries, and venules. The secretory tissue of the nose includes epithelial cells, submucosal glands, and relatively large anterior or lateral serous glands; in addition, some species have specialized secretory glands. The nose is the source of many powerful reflexes, including the diving response, sneeze and sniff reflexes, and reflexes affecting autonomic nervous function to the cardiovascular system, airways in the lungs, the larynx, and other organs. Axon reflex control of the nasal vasculature is also important. The nasal vasculature can be shown to be under parasympathetic and sympathetic control, but there is little precise information concerning the effect of nerves on different types of blood vessels. Pharmacologic experiments show that vascular resistance and vascular volume can be separately influenced by nerves and mediators, and that vascular resistance and airway resistance are not necessarily inversely related. Nasal secretion is also under the influence of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, and can be induced by a wide range of neurotransmitters and mediators. In general, the concentrations needed to promote secretion are considerably higher than those that affect vascular resistance, at least with regard to the lateral nasal gland of the dog. In humans, nasal patency is affected by several nervous inputs, presumably acting via vascular beds. The nasal cycle is the alternation of resistances between the two sides of the nose, on which other changes are superimposed. In exercise and hyperpnea, nasal airflow resistance decreases, presumably with vascular decongestion. Recent studies of the crutch reflex (the ipsilateral nasal congestion caused by stimulation of the axilla) show that some of the reflex inputs to the nose can be unilateral.
鼻子作为引发影响自身及身体其他部位反射的器官，以及作为控制的靶器官，结构高度复杂。其神经支配包括副交感神经、交感神经、感觉/传入神经和躯体运动神经，这些神经通过多种形态学途径组合在一起。鼻子的血管系统包含诸如血窦和可扩张小静脉等容量血管，以及动静脉吻合支、小动脉、毛细血管和小静脉。鼻子的分泌组织包括上皮细胞、黏膜下腺体以及相对较大的前部或外侧浆液腺；此外，某些物种还有专门的分泌腺。鼻子是许多强大反射的发源地，包括潜水反射、喷嚏和嗅反射，以及影响心血管系统、肺部气道、喉部和其他器官自主神经功能的反射。鼻血管的轴突反射控制也很重要。鼻血管系统可显示受副交感神经和交感神经控制，但关于神经对不同类型血管的影响，确切信息很少。药理学实验表明，血管阻力和血管容量可分别受神经和介质影响，且血管阻力和气道阻力不一定呈负相关。鼻分泌物也受副交感神经和交感神经的影响，并且可由多种神经递质和介质诱导。一般来说，促进分泌所需的浓度比影响血管阻力的浓度要高得多，至少对于犬的鼻外侧腺来说是这样。在人类中，鼻通畅性受多种神经输入的影响，推测是通过血管床起作用。鼻周期是鼻子两侧阻力的交替变化，在此基础上还叠加有其他变化。在运动和深呼吸时，鼻气流阻力降低，推测是由于血管充血减轻。最近对腋拐反射（刺激腋窝引起同侧鼻充血）的研究表明，一些传入鼻子的反射可以是单侧的。
