Reigh Nicole A, Rolls Barbara J, Francis Lori A, Buss Kristin A, Hayes John E, Hetherington Marion M, Moding Kameron J, Kling Samantha M R, Keller Kathleen L
The Metabolic Kitchen and Children's Eating Behavior Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
The Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
Front Nutr. 2022 Feb 9;9:791718. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.791718. eCollection 2022.
Increasing childhood obesity rates in both the United States and worldwide demonstrate a need for better prevention and intervention strategies. However, little is understood about what factors influence children's ability to sense and respond to hunger and fullness cues, a critical component of self-regulation of energy intake and maintenance of a healthy body weight. Research in adults suggests that food form may influence self-regulation of energy intake. More specifically, beverages are not as satiating as solid foods when matched for factors such as energy content, energy density, and volume and therefore elicit poorer energy intake self-regulation. However, much less is known about the impact of food form on children's ability to regulate their energy intake. This report describes a study that will examine the relationship between biological, cognitive, and psychological factors and children's appetite self-regulation (ASR). In this registered report, we will examine the influence of food form on children's short-term energy compensation, a proxy indicator of energy intake self-regulation. The study will employ a within-subjects, crossover design in which children ( = 78) ages 4.5-6 years will attend five laboratory visits, each ~1 week apart. During each visit, children will be presented with one of five possible preload conditions: apple slices, apple sauce, apple juice, apple juice sweetened with non-nutritive sweetener (NNS), or no preload. The order of preload conditions will be pseudorandomized and counterbalanced across participants. Following consumption of the preload (or no preload), children will consume a standardized test meal of common foods for this age group. We hypothesize that children will demonstrate poorer short-term energy compensation (greater meal intake) in response to the liquid and semi-solid preloads compared to the solid preload. Understanding how energy in various forms affects children's ability to self-regulate intake has implications for dietary recommendations and will help identify those who are most at-risk for poor intake regulation and the development of obesity.
美国及全球范围内儿童肥胖率不断上升，这表明需要更好的预防和干预策略。然而，对于影响儿童感知饥饿和饱腹感信号能力的因素，人们了解甚少，而这一能力是能量摄入自我调节及维持健康体重的关键组成部分。针对成年人的研究表明，食物形态可能会影响能量摄入的自我调节。更具体地说，在能量含量、能量密度和体积等因素相匹配的情况下，饮料的饱腹感不如固体食物，因此在能量摄入自我调节方面表现较差。然而，关于食物形态对儿童能量摄入调节能力的影响，我们所知甚少。本报告描述了一项研究，该研究将探讨生物学、认知和心理因素与儿童食欲自我调节（ASR）之间的关系。在这份预注册报告中，我们将研究食物形态对儿童短期能量补偿的影响，短期能量补偿是能量摄入自我调节的一个替代指标。该研究将采用受试者内交叉设计，4.5至6岁的儿童（n = 78）将参加五次实验室访视，每次访视间隔约1周。在每次访视期间，儿童将面临五种可能的预负荷条件之一：苹果片、苹果酱、苹果汁、用非营养性甜味剂（NNS）加糖的苹果汁或无预负荷。预负荷条件的顺序将进行伪随机化，并在参与者之间进行平衡。在食用预负荷食物（或无预负荷）后，儿童将食用该年龄组常见食物的标准化测试餐。我们假设，与固体预负荷相比，儿童在面对液体和半固体预负荷时，短期能量补偿能力会较差（餐量摄入更大）。了解不同形态的能量如何影响儿童的自我调节摄入能力，对饮食建议具有重要意义，并将有助于识别那些摄入调节能力差和肥胖风险最高的人群。
