Hofer Gabriela, Mraulak Valentina, Grinschgl Sandra, Neubauer Aljoscha C
Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
J Intell. 2022 Feb 5;10(1):10. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence10010010.
People's perceptions of their intelligence correlate only moderately with objective intelligence measures. On average, people overestimate themselves. According to the popular Dunning-Kruger effect, this is particularly true for low performers: across many domains, those in the lowest quartile overestimate their abilities the most. However, recent work using improved statistical approaches found little support for a Dunning-Kruger effect in general intelligence. We investigated accuracy and Dunning-Kruger effects for self-estimates of general, verbal, numerical, and spatial intelligence-domains that differed in how well they can be judged in the past. A total of 281 participants completed self-estimates and intelligence measures online. Self-estimates showed mostly moderate correlational accuracy that was slightly higher for numerical intelligence and lower for verbal intelligence. Across domains, participants rated their intelligence as above average. However, as their intelligence was indeed high, this was not an overestimation. While standard analyses indicated Dunning-Kruger effects in general, verbal, and spatial intelligence, improved statistical methods only yielded some support for one in verbal intelligence: people with lower verbal intelligence tended to have less self-knowledge about it. The generalizability of these findings is limited to young, highly educated populations. Nevertheless, our results contribute to a growing literature questioning the generality of the Dunning-Kruger effect.
人们对自身智力的认知与客观智力测量结果之间的关联程度仅为中等。平均而言，人们会高估自己。根据广为人知的邓宁-克鲁格效应，低水平表现者尤其如此：在许多领域，处于最低四分位数的人对自己能力的高估最为严重。然而，最近使用改进统计方法的研究发现，一般智力方面几乎没有证据支持邓宁-克鲁格效应。我们研究了一般智力、言语智力、数字智力和空间智力自我评估的准确性及邓宁-克鲁格效应，这些领域在过去的可判断程度上存在差异。共有281名参与者在线完成了自我评估和智力测试。自我评估大多显示出中等程度的相关准确性，数字智力的准确性略高，言语智力的准确性较低。在各个领域，参与者都将自己的智力评为高于平均水平。然而，由于他们的智力确实较高，这并非高估。虽然标准分析表明在一般智力、言语智力和空间智力方面存在邓宁-克鲁格效应，但改进的统计方法仅在言语智力方面提供了一些支持：言语智力较低的人对其自身的了解往往较少。这些发现的普遍性仅限于年轻、受过高等教育的人群。尽管如此，我们的结果为越来越多质疑邓宁-克鲁格效应普遍性的文献做出了贡献。
