Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
PeerJ. 2022 Feb 24;10:e12977. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12977. eCollection 2022.
Chronic diseases constitute a major global burden with significant impact on health systems, economies, and quality of life. Chronic diseases include a broad range of diseases that can be communicable or non-communicable. Chronic diseases are often associated with modifications of normal physiological levels of various analytes that are routinely measured in serum and other body fluids, as well as pathological findings, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of at-risk populations, early diagnosis, and prediction of prognosis play a major role in preventing or reducing the burden of chronic diseases. Biomarkers are tools that are used by health professionals to aid in the identification and management of chronic diseases. Biomarkers can be diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic. Several individual or grouped biomarkers have been used successfully in the diagnosis and prediction of certain chronic diseases, however, it is generally accepted that a more sophisticated approach to link and interpret various biomarkers involved in chronic disease is necessary to improve our current procedures. In order to ensure a comprehensive and unbiased coverage of the literature, first a primary frame of the manuscript (title, headings and subheadings) was drafted by the authors working on this paper. Second, based on the components drafted in the preliminary skeleton a comprehensive search of the literature was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. Multiple keywords related to the topic were used. Out of screened papers, only 190 papers, which are the most relevant, and recent articles were selected to cover the topic in relation to etiological mechanisms of different chronic diseases, the most recently used biomarkers of chronic diseases and finally the advances in the applications of multivariate biomarkers of chronic diseases as statistical and clinically applied tool for the early diagnosis of chronic diseases was discussed. Recently, multivariate biomarkers analysis approach has been employed with promising prospect. A brief discussion of the multivariate approach for the early diagnosis of the most common chronic diseases was highlighted in this review. The use of diagnostic algorithms might show the way for novel criteria and enhanced diagnostic effectiveness inpatients with one or numerous non-communicable chronic diseases. The search for new relevant biomarkers for the better diagnosis of patients with non-communicable chronic diseases according to the risk of progression, sickness, and fatality is ongoing. It is important to determine whether the newly identified biomarkers are purely associations or real biomarkers of underlying pathophysiological processes. Use of multivariate analysis could be of great importance in this regard.
慢性疾病是全球主要的负担，对卫生系统、经济和生活质量都有重大影响。慢性疾病包括广泛的可以传染或非传染的疾病。慢性疾病通常与各种分析物的正常生理水平的改变有关，这些分析物在血清和其他体液中经常被测量，以及病理发现，如慢性炎症、氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍。高危人群的识别、早期诊断和预后预测在预防或减少慢性疾病负担方面起着主要作用。生物标志物是卫生专业人员用来帮助识别和管理慢性疾病的工具。生物标志物可以是诊断性、预测性或预后性的。一些个体或分组的生物标志物已成功用于某些慢性疾病的诊断和预测，但人们普遍认为，需要更复杂的方法来联系和解释慢性疾病中涉及的各种生物标志物，以改进我们目前的程序。为了确保对文献进行全面和无偏见的综述，首先由撰写本文的作者起草了手稿的主要框架（标题、标题和副标题）。其次，根据初步框架中起草的内容，使用 PubMed 和 Google Scholar 搜索引擎对文献进行了全面搜索。使用了与主题相关的多个关键词。在筛选出的论文中，只有 190 篇最相关和最新的文章被选中，以涵盖与不同慢性疾病病因机制相关的主题，以及慢性疾病最新使用的生物标志物，最后讨论了慢性疾病多变量生物标志物在统计和临床应用方面作为慢性疾病早期诊断的工具的进展。最近，多变量生物标志物分析方法已经得到了应用，并具有广阔的前景。本文简要讨论了多变量方法在早期诊断最常见的慢性疾病中的应用。诊断算法的使用可能会为患有一种或多种非传染性慢性疾病的患者提供新的标准和增强的诊断效果。根据进展、疾病和死亡率的风险，正在寻找新的相关生物标志物，以更好地诊断非传染性慢性疾病患者。确定新识别的生物标志物是潜在病理生理过程的纯粹关联还是真正的生物标志物非常重要。多变量分析的使用在这方面可能非常重要。
