Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 May;29(24):35518-35541. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19423-4. Epub 2022 Mar 2.
Bioactive compounds refer to secondary metabolites extracted from plants, fungi, microbes, or animals. Besides having pharmacological or toxicological effects on organisms leading to utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries, the discovery of novel properties of such compounds has led to the diversification of their applications, ranging from cosmetics and functionalized biomaterials to bioremediation and alternate fuels. Conventional time-consuming and solvent-intensive methods of extraction are increasingly being replaced by green solvents such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, and deep eutectic solvents, as well as non-conventional methods of extraction assisted by microwaves, pulse electric fields, enzymes, ultrasound, or pressure. These methods, along with advances in characterization and optimization strategies, have boosted the commercial viability of extraction especially from agrowastes and organic residues, promoting a sustainable circular economy. Further development of microfluidics, optimization models, nanoencapsulation, and metabolic engineering are expected to overcome certain limitations that restrict the growth of this field, in the context of improving screening, extraction, and economy of processes, as well as retaining biodiversity and enhancing the stability and functionality of such compounds. This review is a compilation of the various extraction and characterization methods employed for bioactive compounds and covers major applications in food, pharmacy, chemicals, energy, and bioremediation. Major limitations and scope of improvement are also discussed.
生物活性化合物是指从植物、真菌、微生物或动物中提取的次生代谢产物。除了对生物体具有药理学或毒理学作用，从而应用于食品和制药工业外，这些化合物的新性质的发现也导致了其应用的多样化，从化妆品和功能生物材料到生物修复和替代燃料。传统的耗时和溶剂密集型提取方法越来越多地被绿色溶剂（如离子液体、超临界流体和深共晶溶剂）以及微波、脉冲电场、酶、超声或压力辅助的非传统提取方法所取代。这些方法以及在表征和优化策略方面的进展，提高了提取的商业可行性，特别是从农业废物和有机残渣中提取，促进了可持续的循环经济。微流控、优化模型、纳米封装和代谢工程的进一步发展有望克服某些限制该领域发展的限制因素，在提高筛选、提取和工艺经济性的同时，保留生物多样性，并提高这些化合物的稳定性和功能性。本综述是对用于生物活性化合物的各种提取和表征方法的汇编，涵盖了在食品、制药、化学、能源和生物修复领域的主要应用。还讨论了主要的限制因素和改进的范围。
