Keshtkar Somayeh, Kaviani Maryam, Soleimanian Saeede, Azarpira Negar, Asvar Zahra, Pakbaz Sara
Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Front Microbiol. 2022 Feb 14;12:786111. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786111. eCollection 2021.
Exosomes, as the smallest extracellular vesicles that carry a cargo of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins and mediate intercellular communication, have attracted much attention in diagnosis and treatment in the field of medicine. The contents of exosomes vary depending on the cell type and physiological conditions. Among exosomes derived from several cell types, stem cell-derived exosomes (stem cell-Exo) are increasingly being explored due to their immunomodulatory properties, regenerative capacity, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial functions. Administration of stem cell-Exo, as a cell-free therapy for various diseases, has gained great promise. Indeed, the advantages of exosomes secreted from stem cells outweigh those of their parent cells owing to their small size, high stability, less immunogenicity, no risk of tumorigenesis, and easier condition for storage. Recently, the use of stem cell-Exo has been proposed in the field of microbial diseases. Pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can cause various diseases in humans with acute and chronic complications, sometimes resulting in mortality. On the other hand, treatments based on antibiotics and other chemical compounds have many side effects and the strains become resistant to drugs in some cases. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the effect of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles including stem cell-Exo on microbial diseases. Although most published studies are preclinical, the avenue of clinical application of stem cell-Exo is under way to reach clinical applications. The challenges ahead of this cell-free treatment that might be applied as a therapeutic alternative to stem cells for translation from bench to bed were emphasized, as well.
外泌体作为携带核酸、脂质和蛋白质货物并介导细胞间通讯的最小细胞外囊泡，在医学诊断和治疗领域备受关注。外泌体的内容物因细胞类型和生理条件而异。在源自几种细胞类型的外泌体中，干细胞衍生的外泌体（干细胞外泌体）因其免疫调节特性、再生能力、抗炎和抗菌功能而越来越受到探索。作为针对各种疾病的无细胞疗法，施用干细胞外泌体已展现出巨大前景。事实上，干细胞分泌的外泌体因其体积小、稳定性高、免疫原性低、无肿瘤发生风险以及储存条件更简便等优点，胜过其亲本细胞。最近，在微生物疾病领域已有人提出使用干细胞外泌体。包括细菌、病毒、真菌和寄生虫在内的病原体可导致人类患上各种急性和慢性并发症的疾病，有时甚至会导致死亡。另一方面，基于抗生素和其他化合物的治疗有许多副作用，并且在某些情况下菌株会产生耐药性。因此，本综述旨在强调包括干细胞外泌体在内的干细胞衍生细胞外囊泡对微生物疾病的影响。尽管大多数已发表的研究是临床前研究，但干细胞外泌体的临床应用途径正在向临床应用迈进。同时也强调了这种无细胞治疗在从实验室转化到临床应用过程中可能面临的挑战，这种治疗可能作为干细胞的治疗替代方案应用。
