Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUA), Stuttgart, Fellbach, Germany.
Environ Monit Assess. 2022 Mar 6;194(4):250. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-09907-8.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary plant defense compounds and known pre-toxins when containing a 1,2-double bond. They are commonly produced by various plants and may thus be present in bee pollen which may be consumed by humans as food supplements. In this study, PA were determined in bee pollen samples from 57 locations in Southern Germany sampled by means of pollen traps in July 2019. Samples were analyzed by using palynological methodology and solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by LC-MS/MS. In total, 52 pollen samples featured total pyrrolizidine alkaloids (ΣPA) with concentrations up to 48,000 ng/g bee pollen, while the N-oxides (NO) echinatine-NO and rinderine-NO clearly dominated. In contrast, the palynological analysis only detected 33 samples with pollen from PA-producing plants. Accordingly, the results showed that palynological analysis is not sufficient to determine PA in pollen. In addition, a risk assessment was followed to estimate the risk of the detected PA concentrations to humans.
吡咯里西啶生物碱（PA）是植物次生防御化合物，当含有 1,2-双键时，它们是已知的前毒素。它们通常由各种植物产生，因此可能存在于蜂花粉中，人类可能将其作为食物补充品食用。在这项研究中，通过 2019 年 7 月的花粉陷阱在德国南部 57 个地点采集的蜂花粉样本中测定了 PA。使用花粉学方法和固相萃取（SPE）以及 LC-MS/MS 对样品进行了分析。总共 52 个花粉样本具有总吡咯里西啶生物碱（ΣPA），浓度高达 48,000ng/g 蜂花粉，而 N-氧化物（NO） Echinate-NO 和 Rinderine-NO 明显占主导地位。相比之下，花粉学分析仅检测到 33 个来自产生 PA 的植物的花粉样本。因此，结果表明花粉学分析不足以确定花粉中的 PA。此外，还进行了风险评估，以估计检测到的 PA 浓度对人类的风险。
