Science and Technology for Peace and Security (PEASEC), Technische Universität Darmstadt, Pankratiusstraße 2, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany.
Sci Eng Ethics. 2022 Mar 8;28(2):12. doi: 10.1007/s11948-022-00364-7.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be impacting all industry sectors, while becoming a motor for innovation. The diffusion of AI from the civilian sector to the defense sector, and AI's dual-use potential has drawn attention from security and ethics scholars. With the publication of the ethical guideline Trustworthy AI by the European Union (EU), normative questions on the application of AI have been further evaluated. In order to draw conclusions on Trustworthy AI as a point of reference for responsible research and development (R&D), we approach the diffusion of AI across both civilian and military spheres in the EU. We capture the extent of technological diffusion and derive European and German patent citation networks. Both networks indicate a low degree of diffusion of AI between civilian and defense sectors. A qualitative investigation of project descriptions of a research institute's work in both civilian and military fields shows that military AI applications stress accuracy or robustness, while civilian AI reflects a focus on human-centric values. Our work represents a first approach by linking processes of technology diffusion with normative evaluations of R&D.
人工智能（AI）似乎正在影响所有行业领域，同时成为创新的动力。人工智能从民用领域向国防领域的扩散，以及人工智能的两用潜力引起了安全和伦理学者的关注。随着欧盟（EU）发布可信人工智能的道德准则，关于人工智能应用的规范性问题得到了进一步评估。为了就可信人工智能作为负责任的研究和开发（R&D）的参考点得出结论，我们研究了欧盟民用和军事领域人工智能的扩散情况。我们捕捉了技术扩散的程度，并得出了欧洲和德国的专利引文网络。这两个网络都表明民用和国防部门之间的人工智能扩散程度较低。对一个研究所的民用和军事领域工作的项目描述的定性研究表明，军事人工智能应用强调准确性或鲁棒性，而民用人工智能则反映了对以人为中心的价值观的关注。我们的工作通过将技术扩散过程与 R&D 的规范评估联系起来，代表了一种初步的方法。
