Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics, Bellaterra, Spain.
Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
PLoS One. 2022 Mar 9;17(3):e0264411. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264411. eCollection 2022.
This study uses largescale cross-national time-diary data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) (N = 201,972) covering the period from 2005 to 2015 to examine gender differences in time use by age groups. The study compares ten industrialized countries across Asia, Europe, and North America. In all ten countries, gender differences in time use are smaller in personal care, sleeping and meals, followed by leisure time (including screen-based leisure and active leisure), and largest in housework, care work and paid work activities. Gender disparities in time use are higher in South Korea, Hungary, and Italy, followed closely by Spain, with moderate gender gaps in Western European countries like France and Netherlands, and lowest differences in Finland and Anglo-Saxon countries, including Canada, US, and the UK. Gender differences in housework and caring time increase from adolescence (10-17 years) to early adulthood (18-29 years), showing strong gender gaps in early/middle adulthood (30-44 years), but narrow again during late adulthood (65 years or older). However, the age gradient in care work and housework is most pronounced in Italy and South Korea, being less prominent in Canada and Finland. Gender gaps in paid work are larger in early/middle adulthood (30-44) and middle/late adulthood (45-64), with strongest age gradients observed in the Netherlands and weaker gradients for the US. Gender differences in active leisure increase by age, especially in Southern European countries, while screen-based leisure shows more stable gender gaps by age groups across different countries. Overall, this study shows that age and gender intersect strongly in affecting time-use patterns, but also that the national context plays an important role in shaping gender-age interactions in time use allocation.
本研究使用大规模跨国时间使用调查（Multinational Time Use Study，MTUS）的跨时段时间使用数据（N=201972），涵盖 2005 年至 2015 年，考察了不同年龄组的性别时间使用差异。该研究比较了亚洲、欧洲和北美的十个工业化国家。在所有十个国家中，个人护理、睡眠和进餐的性别时间使用差异最小，随后是休闲时间（包括基于屏幕的休闲和积极休闲），家务、照顾工作和有酬工作的性别时间使用差异最大。在韩国、匈牙利和意大利，性别时间使用差异更大，紧随其后的是西班牙，法国和荷兰等西欧国家的性别差距中等，而芬兰和包括加拿大、美国和英国在内的盎格鲁撒克逊国家的性别差异最小。家务和照顾时间的性别差异从青少年（10-17 岁）到成年早期（18-29 岁）增加，在成年早期/中期（30-44 岁）表现出明显的性别差距，但在成年晚期（65 岁及以上）再次缩小。然而，意大利和韩国的照料工作和家务劳动的年龄梯度最为显著，而加拿大和芬兰则不太明显。有酬工作的性别差距在成年早期/中期（30-44 岁）和中年/晚期（45-64 岁）更大，荷兰的年龄梯度最大，而美国的年龄梯度较弱。积极休闲的性别差异随着年龄的增长而增加，特别是在南欧国家，而基于屏幕的休闲在不同国家的不同年龄组中表现出更稳定的性别差距。总的来说，本研究表明，年龄和性别在影响时间使用模式方面存在强烈的相互作用，但国家背景在塑造时间使用分配中的性别-年龄相互作用方面也起着重要作用。
