Okedu Kenneth E, Barghash Hind F, Al Nadabi Husam A
Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Feb 9;10:825728. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.825728. eCollection 2022.
Due to the adverse effect of energy production from traditional fossil fuels, the move toward renewable and sustainable energy has become imperative. The waste disposal sector offers hope toward environmental sustainability and potential to generate strong income for any economy. The region of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries in the Middle East generates the highest quantity of municipal waste per capita, compared to other countries globally. In the GCC region, waste is usually just dumped at different landfill stations. Effective waste management is imperative for environmental protection and sustainable development. This article presents a review of the sustainable waste management strategies in Oman, in line with the United Nations goal on environmental management of waste. The current waste management strategies in Oman were discussed, and various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies were proposed. These proposed WTE strategies would help in effective waste management in Oman and also in increasing the power grid capability. The salient part of this article is an overview of the ability of using landfill leachate as feedstock to produce clean and green hydrogen gas using different photo-fermentation processes. The production of hydrogen using single photo-fermentation process using landfill leachate alone, with leachate and addition of inoculum such as sewage sludge, and with substrates such as sucrose, glucose, and landfill leachate was investigated by utilizing a batch bioreactor and anaerobic conditions at controlled temperature, different initial pH, and heat treatment temperature range. Furthermore, a prototype model for the optimization of the inoculum size and the substrate was proposed with 2-level factorial design using Design Expert. The data gathering for this study was carried out by investigating different regions in Oman having the lowest and highest waste produce, the average annual waste for the different governorates, and the total amount of waste for five consecutive years (2015-2020), for the various engineered landfills. The cost of managing waste in the different governorates of Oman was presented, considering the average annual waste produced, in various regions of the country for the duration of the study. Furthermore, some challenges and opportunities in carrying out effective waste management in Oman were addressed.
由于传统化石燃料能源生产的不利影响，向可再生和可持续能源转型已变得势在必行。废物处理部门为环境可持续性带来了希望，并具有为任何经济体创造可观收入的潜力。与全球其他国家相比，中东海湾合作委员会（GCC）成员国地区人均产生的城市垃圾量最高。在海湾合作委员会地区，垃圾通常只是被倾倒在不同的垃圾填埋场。有效的废物管理对于环境保护和可持续发展至关重要。本文根据联合国关于废物环境管理的目标，对阿曼的可持续废物管理策略进行了综述。讨论了阿曼目前的废物管理策略，并提出了各种废物转化能源（WTE）技术。这些提议的WTE策略将有助于阿曼进行有效的废物管理，并提高电网能力。本文的突出部分是概述了利用不同的光发酵工艺将垃圾渗滤液用作原料生产清洁绿色氢气的能力。利用间歇式生物反应器，在控制温度、不同初始pH值和热处理温度范围内，在厌氧条件下，研究了单独使用垃圾渗滤液、添加渗滤液和接种物（如污水污泥）以及添加底物（如蔗糖、葡萄糖和垃圾渗滤液）的单一光发酵过程生产氢气的情况。此外，使用Design Expert软件通过二级因子设计提出了接种物大小和底物优化的原型模型。本研究的数据收集是通过调查阿曼产生垃圾量最低和最高的不同地区、不同省份的年平均垃圾量以及五个连续年份（2015 - 2020年）各种工程垃圾填埋场的垃圾总量来进行的。考虑到研究期间该国不同地区的年平均垃圾产量，列出了阿曼不同省份的废物管理成本。此外，还讨论了阿曼在进行有效废物管理方面面临的一些挑战和机遇。
