EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal.
Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal.
Nutrients. 2022 Jan 26;14(3):540. doi: 10.3390/nu14030540.
To evaluate the association of dietary patterns (DP) at 4 years with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors at 10 years, considering sex-heterogeneity. This prospective analysis included 3823 children enrolled in the population-based birth cohort, Generation XXI (Porto-Portugal, 2005-2006). Diet at 4 years was assessed by FFQ, with three DP being identified: high in energy-dense foods (EDF), intermediate in snacks (snacking), and healthier (reference). BMI at 10 years was considered as the Z-score according to the WHO. Other adiposity indicators-fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)-were converted to z-scores using the sample's sex-specific means and standard deviations, as were the cardiometabolic risk factors (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid profile, and insulin resistance). The associations of DP at 4 years with later adiposity or cardiometabolic factors were estimated by linear regression or by multinomial logistic regression models. In fully adjusted models, the EDF DP was significantly positively associated with the BMI (EDF vs. healthier: β = 0.139; 95% CI: 0.031, 0.246, P-interaction = 0.042) and obesity (OR = 2.68; 95% CI 1.55, 4.63, P-interaction = 0.005) only in girls, among whom, it increased insulin (β = 0.165; 95% CI: 0.020, 0.311) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.159; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.306) at 10 years. An EDF DP at 4 years is associated with later adiposity, insulin, and HOMA-IR in girls.
为了评估 4 岁时的饮食模式（DP）与 10 岁时肥胖和心血管代谢风险因素的相关性，考虑到性别异质性。这项前瞻性分析包括了 3823 名参加基于人群的出生队列 Generation XXI（葡萄牙波尔图，2005-2006 年）的儿童。4 岁时的饮食通过 FFQ 进行评估，确定了三种 DP：高能量密度食物（EDF）、零食中间（零食）和更健康（参考）。10 岁时的 BMI 被认为是根据世界卫生组织的 Z 分数。其他肥胖指标-脂肪百分比（FM%）、脂肪质量指数（FMI）和腰高比（WHtR）-使用样本的性别特异性平均值和标准差转换为 z 分数，心血管代谢风险因素（收缩压和舒张压、血脂谱和胰岛素抵抗）也是如此。通过线性回归或多项逻辑回归模型来估计 4 岁时 DP 与后来的肥胖或心血管代谢因素之间的关联。在完全调整的模型中，EDF DP 与 BMI 呈显著正相关（EDF 与更健康：β=0.139；95%CI：0.031，0.246，P 交互=0.042）和肥胖（OR=2.68；95%CI 1.55，4.63，P 交互=0.005），仅在女孩中，在这些女孩中，它增加了胰岛素（β=0.165；95%CI：0.020，0.311）和 HOMA-IR（β=0.159；95%CI：0.013，0.306）在 10 岁时。4 岁时的 EDF DP 与女孩的肥胖、胰岛素和 HOMA-IR 呈正相关。
