Liu Fangfang, Reichl Franz-Xaver, Milz Stefan, Wölfle Uta Christine, Kühnisch Jan, Schmitz Christoph, Geist Jürgen, Hickel Reinhard, Högg Christof, Sternecker Katharina
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Dent Mater. 2022 Apr;38(4):689-699. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.02.010. Epub 2022 Mar 9.
The aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is currently unclear. A major hurdle in MIH research is the lack of adequate model systems. The study investigated the feasibility of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as a novel model to screen potential MIH-related factors.
In four experiments with overall 46 groups (n = 7 mussels/group), six groups per experiment were incubated with 100 mg/l calcein (mineralization marker) solution for 96 h to evaluate the dynamics of shell biomineralization, another six groups with tap water only (controls). Then zebra mussels with and without calcein pre-incubation were exposed to cadmium sulfate hydrate (3CdSO•8HO) (positive control; 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/l), possible aetiological factors of MIH including bisphenol-A (BPA; 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 mg/l) and erythromycin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/l) as mineralization "disruptors", and doxycycline (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/l) for 96 h, respectively. After two weeks, the mussels were sacrificed and shells were embedded in methylmethacrylate for fluorescence intensity analysis.
Mortality rate was 100% after 20, 200 mg/l BPA and 10, 100 mg/l 3CdSO•8HO exposure. Thereby, the median lethal concentration (96 h-LC50) of BPA was 6.3 mg/l (95% CI, 1.3-34.4 mg/l), and that of cadmium was 3.1 mg/l (95% CI, 0.7-10.5 mg/l). Notably, calcein fluorescence in shells significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after 2 mg/l BPA and 1 mg/l 3CdSO•8HO exposure.
These findings suggest that BPA may disrupt biomineralization. Biomineralization in zebra mussels seems to be an effective model for investigating potential MIH-related factors.
目前，磨牙-切牙矿化不全（MIH）的病因尚不清楚。MIH研究的一个主要障碍是缺乏合适的模型系统。本研究调查了斑马贻贝（多形饰贝）作为筛选潜在MIH相关因素的新型模型的可行性。
在总共46组（每组n = 7只贻贝）的四个实验中，每个实验有六组用100 mg/l的钙黄绿素（矿化标记物）溶液孵育96小时，以评估贝壳生物矿化的动态过程，另外六组只用自来水（作为对照）。然后，将预先孵育过钙黄绿素和未孵育过的斑马贻贝分别暴露于水合硫酸镉（3CdSO•8HO）（阳性对照；0、0.01、0.1、1、10和100 mg/l）、MIH可能的病因因素，包括双酚A（BPA；0、0.02、0.2、2、20和200 mg/l）和红霉素（0、0.1、1、10、100和1000 mg/l）作为矿化“干扰物”，以及强力霉素（0、0.1、1、10、100和1000 mg/l）中96小时。两周后，处死贻贝，将贝壳包埋在甲基丙烯酸甲酯中进行荧光强度分析。
暴露于20、200 mg/l BPA以及10、100 mg/l 3CdSO•8HO后，死亡率为100%。因此，BPA的半数致死浓度（96小时-LC50）为6.3 mg/l（95%可信区间，1.3 - 34.4 mg/l），镉的半数致死浓度为3.1 mg/l（95%可信区间，0.7 - 10.5 mg/l）。值得注意的是，暴露于2 mg/l BPA和1 mg/l 3CdSO•8HO后，贝壳中的钙黄绿素荧光显著降低（p < 0.05）。
这些发现表明BPA可能会破坏生物矿化。斑马贻贝的生物矿化似乎是研究潜在MIH相关因素的有效模型。
