Bommelé Jeroen, Walters Bethany Hipple, van Dorsselaer Saskia, Willemsen Marc C
The Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tobacco Control, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.
Tob Prev Cessat. 2022 Feb 21;8:08. doi: 10.18332/tpc/145502. eCollection 2022.
Despite the growing number of smoke-free spaces, many non-smokers continue to be involuntarily exposed to secondhand smoke outdoors and on public streets. Both theory and research suggest that people living in densely populated urban areas are more likely to smoke than those living in less densely populated areas. Consequently, non-smokers in densely populated urban areas might be more likely to be exposed and feel annoyed by secondhand smoke outdoors. We investigated whether the extent to which non-smokers feel annoyed by secondhand smoke exposure in outdoor public spaces is related to urban population density.
We used cross-sectional survey data from the Netherlands 'Module Substance Use' survey (2020 data, n=9375). This is a nationally representative sample of the adult population in the Netherlands. Using logistic regression models, we investigated whether urban population density predicts both smoking and non-smokers' annoyance to secondhand smoke exposure outdoors.
We found that smoking rates were associated with urban population density. In the Netherlands, people living in extremely population-dense urban areas were more likely to smoke than those living in non-urban areas (AOR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.25-2.02, p<0.001). Feeling annoyed by secondhand smoke outdoors was also associated with urban population density: non-smokers living in extremely population-dense urban areas were more likely to be annoyed than respondents living in non-urban areas (AOR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.34-2.02, p<0.001).
These cross-sectional data highlight the importance of comprehensive local tobacco control policy programs that include creating smoke-free outdoor public spaces. This need for such smoke-free outdoor public spaces might be particularly strong in densely populated areas.
尽管无烟空间的数量不断增加，但许多不吸烟者仍在户外和公共街道上非自愿地接触二手烟。理论和研究均表明，生活在人口密集城市地区的人比生活在人口密度较低地区的人更有可能吸烟。因此，人口密集城市地区的不吸烟者可能更有可能在户外接触二手烟并感到烦恼。我们调查了在户外公共场所，不吸烟者因接触二手烟而感到烦恼的程度是否与城市人口密度有关。
我们使用了荷兰“物质使用模块”调查的横断面数据（2020年数据，n = 9375）。这是荷兰成年人口具有全国代表性的样本。我们使用逻辑回归模型，研究城市人口密度是否既可以预测吸烟情况，又能预测不吸烟者在户外接触二手烟时的烦恼程度。
我们发现吸烟率与城市人口密度相关。在荷兰，生活在人口极度密集城市地区的人比生活在非城市地区的人更有可能吸烟（比值比=1.59；95%置信区间：1.25 - 2.02，p<0.001）。在户外因二手烟感到烦恼也与城市人口密度有关：生活在人口极度密集城市地区的不吸烟者比生活在非城市地区的受访者更有可能感到烦恼（比值比=1.65；95%置信区间：1.34 - 2.02，p<0.001）。
这些横断面数据凸显了全面的地方烟草控制政策计划的重要性，其中包括创建无烟户外公共场所。在人口密集地区，对这种无烟户外公共场所的需求可能尤为强烈。
