Zhao Jun-Feng, Ren Tong, Li Xiang-Yu, Guo Tian-Lin, Liu Chun-Hui, Wang Xun
Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People's Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2022 Feb 25;16:831977. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.831977. eCollection 2022.
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells of the central nervous system and play a dual role (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) in the homeostasis of the nervous system. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia serves as an important stage of ischemic hypoxic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage disease, neurodegeneration and neurotumor of the nervous system and is present through the whole course of these diseases. Microglial membrane protein or receptor is the basis of mediating microglia to play the inflammatory role and they have been found to be upregulated by recognizing associated ligands or sensing changes in the nervous system microenvironment. They can then allosterically activate the downstream signal transduction and produce a series of complex cascade reactions that can activate microglia, promote microglia chemotactic migration and stimulate the release of proinflammatory factor such as TNF-α, IL-β to effectively damage the nervous system and cause apoptosis of neurons. In this paper, several representative membrane proteins or receptors present on the surface of microglia are systematically reviewed and information about their structures, functions and specific roles in one or more neurological diseases. And on this basis, some prospects for the treatment of novel coronavirus neurological complications are presented.
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的固有免疫细胞，在神经系统的稳态中发挥双重作用（促炎和抗炎）。由小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症是缺血缺氧性脑损伤、脑出血疾病、神经系统神经退行性变和神经肿瘤的重要阶段，并且贯穿于这些疾病的全过程。小胶质细胞膜蛋白或受体是介导小胶质细胞发挥炎症作用的基础，已发现它们通过识别相关配体或感知神经系统微环境的变化而上调。然后它们可以变构激活下游信号转导并产生一系列复杂的级联反应，这些反应可以激活小胶质细胞，促进小胶质细胞趋化迁移并刺激促炎因子如TNF-α、IL-β的释放，从而有效损伤神经系统并导致神经元凋亡。本文系统综述了小胶质细胞表面存在的几种代表性膜蛋白或受体，并介绍了它们的结构、功能以及在一种或多种神经疾病中的具体作用。在此基础上，提出了一些针对新型冠状病毒神经并发症的治疗前景。
