Chen Szu-Wei, Keglovits Marian, Devine Megen, Stark Susan
School of Medicine, Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, United States.
Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2021 Dec 13;4(1):100175. doi: 10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100175. eCollection 2022 Mar.
To explore sampling bias as a result of survey format selection by examining associations between characteristics of people aging with long-term physical disability (PAwLTPD) and their preferences for phone or web-based survey format.
A cross-sectional study using a secondary data analysis approach.
Data were from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study conducted in the community.
Convenience sampling was used. PAwLTPD who participated in year 2 of the longitudinal cohort study were included. Inclusion criteria were age 45-65 years, English speaking, and self-reported onset of a physical disability at least 5 years prior to study recruitment. Two participants completed the survey using both phone and web formats and were thus excluded; 387 participants (N=387) were included in the analysis.
Not applicable.
Choice of survey format and demographics (age, sex, race and ethnicity, marital status, living arrangement, socioeconomic status) were collected in addition to self-rated physical health.
Participants were on average 58.2±5.6 years old. A total of 33% were male, and 62% were White. Approximately 40% of participants completed phone surveys. The phone survey group was significantly older (=-4.76, <.001) and had lower education (=11133, =-6.65, <.001) and lower self-rated physical health (=15420, =-2.38, ) than the web survey group. Participants who were White (χ=60.69; =1; <.001; odds ratio [OR], 0.18) or were in a long-term relationship were less likely to choose phone surveys (χ=42.20; =1; <.001; OR, 0.21). Those who earned $10,008 or less annually (χ=53.90; =1; <.001; OR, 5.22) or who lived alone (χ=36.26; =1; <.001; OR, 3.64) were more likely to choose phone surveys. Participants with paid work (χ=16.81, =1, <.001) tended to select web-based surveys, while those on disability leave (χ=9.61, =1, <.01) were more likely to choose phone surveys.
Sociodemographics are associated with survey format choice in PAwLTPD. Findings largely support the existing understanding of digital literacy but also provide insight into the potential occurrence of sampling bias when multiple survey format options are not offered. These findings have implications for investigators who aim to reach a more representative sample of people with disabilities.
通过研究长期身体残疾的老年人（PAwLTPD）的特征与其对电话或基于网络的调查形式的偏好之间的关联，探讨因调查形式选择导致的抽样偏差。
采用二次数据分析方法的横断面研究。
数据来自正在进行的社区纵向队列研究。
采用便利抽样。纳入参与纵向队列研究第2年的PAwLTPD。纳入标准为年龄45 - 65岁、说英语、且在研究招募前至少5年自我报告有身体残疾。两名参与者同时使用电话和网络形式完成了调查，因此被排除；387名参与者（N = 387）纳入分析。
不适用。
除自我评定的身体健康状况外，还收集了调查形式的选择和人口统计学特征（年龄、性别、种族和民族、婚姻状况、居住安排、社会经济地位）。
参与者平均年龄为58.2±5.6岁。33%为男性，62%为白人。约40%的参与者完成了电话调查。电话调查组的年龄显著更大（=-4.76，<.001），教育程度更低（=11133，=-6.65，<.001），自我评定的身体健康状况也更低（=15420，=-2.38，），相比网络调查组。白人参与者（χ=60.69；=1；<.001；优势比[OR]，0.18）或处于长期关系中的参与者选择电话调查的可能性较小（χ=42.20；=1；<.001；OR，0.21）。年收入10,008美元及以下的参与者（χ=53.90；=1；<.001；OR，5.22）或独居的参与者（χ=36.26；=1；<.001；OR，3.64）选择电话调查的可能性更大。有带薪工作的参与者（χ=16.81，=1，<.001）倾向于选择基于网络的调查，而休病假的参与者（χ=9.61，=1，<.01）更有可能选择电话调查。
社会人口统计学特征与PAwLTPD的调查形式选择相关。研究结果在很大程度上支持了对数字素养的现有理解，但也深入了解了在未提供多种调查形式选项时抽样偏差可能发生的情况。这些发现对旨在获得更具代表性的残疾人群样本的研究者具有启示意义。
